Horse Slaughter - Argumentative Paper - 1527 Words

Horse Slaughter The topic of horse slaughter doesn’t usually come up very often in everyday conversation. Horse slaughter is more of an implicit subject, which your everyday person doesn’t know much about. Because it is highly controversial, it has gone through the cycle of being banded and then reinstated twice in the last 5 years. With being involved in the horse industry my entire life, I have witnessed the effects first hand. Some people see it as killing pets, animal cruelty, and morally wrong. However, I see it as a source of income, a way to stop the starvation and abuse of horses, an export industry for the United States, as well as a quality meal for in times of despair. The history of people eating horse meat dates back to†¦show more content†¦During the 1930’s low supply and high cost of pork and beef made horse meat rise in popularity. Again during World War II, people were again in the same predicament. Inflation during the early 1970’s raised the c ost of traditional meats; Time Magazine reported from Carlson’s, a butcher shop in Westbrook, CT, that they were selling over 6,000 pounds of horse meat a day. (Weil) In 2006, the House of Representatives voted to end horse slaughter; the bill passed to make the killing and selling American horses for human consumption an illegal practice in the United States. Today in the US, people do not consume horse meat on a whole sale basis. But because many other counties do, the exporting of horse meat is a huge industry. When the ban was in place, US horses were being transported to Canada and Mexico to be slaughtered instead. From 2006 to 2010 the increase in horses being exported to Canada and Mexico was 148 and 660 percent. They are loaded up on trailers and shipped across the boarders, often times going days without food or water until they reach their destination. The regulations, or lack thereof, are different than in the US. (Shesgreen) Valley Meat Co. owner Rick De Los Santos brings up valid points in his interview with NBC News last week. The majority of people, who are against slaughter, are getting caught up on the â€Å"ick† factor of killing our â€Å"pets†. However, the process is the exact same for cows and pigs.

Eastman Kodak Company †Funtime Film Free Essays

From: Pavels Kuznecovs To: Inese Eglite RBS Professor, Marketing Management Riga, 22nd of October, 2009 Case Study 4 Summary: Eastman Kodak Company – Funtime Film Question: Is Kodak doing the right thing with the decision to have line extension: Gold Plus, Royal Gold and Funtime? If we consider protection and growth of Kodak’s total market share to be the key objective then the introduction of a new brand in the Economy price-tier is a strategic MUST. It is crucial to be presented in the Economy tier which is fastest growing, and represents a segment with the biggest competitors. The key objective for Funtime is to maximize gain of incremental market share from Fujicolor Super G, Konica Super SR and ScotchColor, at the same time to minimize cannibalization of Kodak Gold Plus, the biggest volume source of Kodak. We will write a custom essay sample on Eastman Kodak Company – Funtime Film or any similar topic only for you Order Now Pricing strategy of Funtime is fundamentally correct, as it is competitive vs. main players in the Economy tier and is low enough to differentiate vs. Gold Plus. However, it must be clear that the price per pack should be compared. As mentioned in the case, Funtime is planned to be sold only in multi-packs of 2 and 4 rolls.In this case an additional discount per pack is necessary, in order to offer an additional value. I suggest 10% and 15% discounts respectively. Overall, I believe that multipack strategy is a very good step to boost product loyalty: for instance, a pack of 4 rolls is almost a yearly supply for 20% of consumers, thus preventing any competitive switching within 1 year. Branding of Funtime represents a big challenge. On one hand, introduction of a new brand-name which is not a line extension of Kodak is a right decision, as it is an opportunity to minimize cannibalization of Kodak Gold Plus.Also, it shall not deteriorate the premium brand image of Kodak with a reference to a lower-price product. On the other hand Funtime is a completely new name, and shall not have any leverage opportunity with Kodak brand. Plus, it is virtually impossible to build brand awareness without any advertizing support, therefore my suggestion is to revise Funtime advertising strategy and dedicate up to 20% of total Kodak advertizing budget to Funtime. Seasonality and availability in limited quantities.I criticize this decision, as I strongly believe that in order to be competitive in the Economy tier, Funtime needs to be available on the on-going basis as a regular product. Other elements of Funtime marketing strategy look quite logical and justified: ISO 100 and 200 and all-trade distribution. Profit margin implications, Funtime. The only fair assumption we can develop from the case datum is that Funtime shall source volume from competition and Kodak Gold Plus in line with the current market shares, i. . 30% of Funtime sales shall come from competition, and 70% from Kodak products. In this case, Kodak gains some incremental market share points, while it loses on profit significantly. Rebranding of Kodak Ektar to Royal Gold. I believe that the pricing strategy needs a major revision, as it might lead to margin deterioration: – Price sensitivity of a Superpemium consumer is low, which is a general rule for most of consumer products.Therefore, I do not think that a price reduction to ind. 109 vs. Premium is going to bring incremental volume from Fujicolor Reala. We can even assume a negative consumer perception of Kodak’s super-premium product quality, i. e. Royal Gold to be perceived as a lower-quality product vs. the discontinued Ektar. – From the rest of FMCG categories we can see that there is at least 15% price gap in order to differentiate among price-tiers. In case of Royal Gold it is 9%, which is not enough.Since Kodak’s conducted consumer surveys show that in total 90% are Kodak-loyal or Kodak-positive, we can assume that most of Royal Gold consumers shall switch to Kodak Gold Plus, which obviously is a negative profit-impact upon Kodak’s portfolio. To conclude, Kodak’s new line extension strategy is necessary to preserve the market leadership, while unavoidably shall lead to profit-margin decline, pending some negative margin issues can be solved (Royal Gold). Overall, I think that a 70% profit margin for a 70% brand is not sustainable in the long-term, as we speak about a highly competitive and price-driven product category. How to cite Eastman Kodak Company – Funtime Film, Essays

Industry Practicum in Accounting

Question: Discuss about the Industry Practicum in Accounting. Answer: Introduction: As per my study schedule in accounting curriculum, I was assigned with the internship program to suffice the need of practicum program in a Modern Brick Industry in India as an intern in the fields of accounting. My practicum will include areas like payroll management, book keeping along with cultivation of management skills related to accounting. This entity is mainly engaged in brick manufacturing and the organization is operating in the state of Punjab. Legal status of the entity is private limited company by liability of the shareholders. This assignment had been given to me with the arrangement by my Institute and the company through their educational exchange program endorsed by the Government of India and the Institute. This assignment will open a new dimension of probable employment for me. This practicum program will require to be completed by me covering 80 hours of program. I have to learn the system of accounting of this brick factory related to accounting with special em phasis on book keeping, payroll management and teach necessary management skills related to accounting practiced in this industry. The assignment was fixed for 80 hours and was expected to start from 1st November 2016 and scheduled to be ended on 11th November, 2016. The basic distribution of 80 hours was fixed as 8 hours a day for 10 consecutive days. This internship program will benefit me through gathering of experience by practical working in the industry. It will also add value to my knowledge and experience related to different statutory compliance in respective areas of said expertise which will enable me to get a job after successful completion of my course. Practicum Program: As per arraignment, I have reached the brick factory on 1st November, 2016. Mr. Chawla, Senior Manager Accounts of the company had welcomed me and took me to the accounts department. Mr. Singh, Assistant Manager Accounts was my immediate supervisor. After the official introduction, I was given with the program of 80 hours of internship with the detail of schedule and expected hours to be spent in different accounting activities. I am appending below the details of practicum program taken care by me with different area of operations to be learnt by me. Journal Report of my Practicum Program with notes:- Period: 15th November 2016 to 5th December, 2016- 18 days (except Sundays) Total Practicum Hours- 82 Hours Date Comments / Meetings / Activities Time spent 15th November, 2016 Official Introduction, Orientation of the job of Payroll Management, to make familiar with the accounting software, to understand the nature of employment, to find the historical data of payroll process, to understand the same, and to find statutory compliance related to annuity and health insurance offered by the company for the employees 5 hours 16th November,2016 Continued previous training -Do- 17th November, 2016 To have hands on experience on payroll processing, to find the practice of payroll, practical execution of payroll process -Do- 18th November, 2016 Continued previous training -Do- 19th November, 20`16 Preparation of final salary computation for staffs as per the attendance register of last month, payment process- through bank/cash, segregation of employees- Management staff, clerical staff and contracted labour. -Do- 21st November, 2016 Continued previous training -Do- 22nd November, 2016 Book Keeping- introduction, feedback of accounting system followed by the company- Accounting Software Tally ERP 9 multi user- Balance Sheet-division of assets and liabilities, Profit and Loss Account-purchase account, sales account, expenses account, Consolidation of accounts, Trial Balance, balance sheet and profit and loss A/c preparation -Do- 23rd November, 2016 Book Keeping- entering different financial information into accounting software, studying impact of those entries in the accounts, understanding of derivation of gross profit and net profit, tax implication, finalisation of accounts. -Do- 24th November, 2016 Continued previous training -Do- 25th November, 2016 Continued previous training -Do- 26th November, 2016 Hands on experience of accounting in the software- vouchers, journals, cash book, bank book, income tax deducted at source, receivables, payables, valuation of inventories 4 hours 28th November, 2016 Continued previous training -Do- 29th November, 2016 Accounting management skills, Management of different accounting heads in the finalisation of accounts, arriving at the trading and profit and loss account, basic structure of balance sheet, basis of derivation of inventories by value and volume, inventory management -Do- 30th November, 2016 Continued previous training -Do- 1st December, 2016 To manage accounts as per the guideline fixed by the company, understand the Triple Bottom Line exercise by the company Profit, People and Planet- emphasizing on economic, social and environmental practices of the company to ensure sustainability -Do- 2nd December, 2016 Continued previous training -Do- 3rd December,2016 Continued previous training -Do- 5th December, 2016 To wrap up my practicum experience of internship program with Modern Brick Industry in Punjab, India, a meeting with Mr. Chawla and Mr. Singh had been held on 11.11.2016 afternoon with the concluded assignment. Acknowledgment from them is received with certificate and appreciation related to my efforts and ability to learn. Moreover they have offered me for future employment, if I am willing to join their company as Accounts Executive. -Do- Notes: Payroll management is to understand proper calculation of salary and wages for employees. Break up of salary is made with basic salary, house rent allowance, city compensatory allowance and other allowances as applicable for different level of employees. Salary is payable in Indian Currency INR. Deduction from salary includes annuity as known in India as Provident Fund, run by the Trustee Board. This facility is availed by the employees through contributory, both by the employees and employer. Employee contribution is 12% on basic salary while employer contribution is 3.67% towards employee account and 8.33% on family pension account. Health insurance is mandatory for employees with gross salary not over 16,000 INR. Employees contribution is 1.75% of gross salary while employers contribution is 4.75%.Professional Tax is deducted at source. Income tax is deducted at source for employees whose earning is more than 250,000 INR per year subject to certain conditions of eligible deduction s (Empxtrack, 2014). Book Keeping is maintained in double entry system. Important financial reports considered for accounts are general ledger, trial balance, trading account, profit and loss account, and balance sheet. Accounting package Tally ERP 9 is good software which can take care of Accounting Information System based on the respective entries made in the system. Derivation of gross profit is done with consideration of purchase of raw materials, direct costs like wages, other fixed overhead costs and revenue. To arrive at Net Profit before tax, different operational expenses are to be deducted from gross profit. Net profit such generated are subject to corporate tax @ 30% as prevailing in India (Accountingtools, 2012). Accounting management skills covers the management of financial information and arrange them in such manner that it will be easy to understand and follow. I have also observed that Triple Bottom Line exercise is followed by the company to ensure economic, social and environmental objectives of the company to ensure long term sustainability for future period. To Do: I have to understand pay roll management to arrive at the net payable salary of human resources. For contracted labor, I have to calculate the man hour multiplied by hourly rate of labor as per attendance sheet generated though automated card punching system. Amount is to be paid to the contractor after deduction of necessary elements like health insurance costs and others as applicable with the addition of service tax as featured in their claims. For salary computation of company employee, I have to understand the formalities of deductions under different heads like Provident Fund, Health Insurance under government scheme of Employees State Insurance Act. For book keeping purpose, I have to clearly distinguish different accounts with their heading and sub-headings as per nature. Moreover, proper treatment of expense is to be booked in the accounts to derive proper financial profit or loss such generated from the system. I have to understand more elaborately different accounting management skills, with clear concept of Triple Bottom Line activities to ensure sustainability in the fields of economic, social and environmental activities by the organization Reflection: Reflection of salary computation system is acquired by me through the process of payroll management. Moreover reflection of statutory compliance related to payroll management is also enriched my experience of how the treatment of those are done with the basic objectives of employees benefit, and how they will be able to get financial benefit out of it in long term or short term. Reflection of knowledge has added value in the fields of accounting management with special emphasis on payroll management with statutory compliance, management skill in regard to accounting with basic book keeping, knowledge of accounting software Tally ERP 9, enhancement of management skill in accounting with special emphasis on the TBL concept. Last five days had added value to my work experience through practical knowledge of handling accounts with hardcore practice of entering the financial data in the accounting package and instantly understand their implication in the books of accounts of the company with special emphasis on different financial information-how they are generated, what outcome they produce and how they are being treated in finalization of accounts with impact on assets, liabilities and equity. Synopsis of Practicum Program: Major problems faced by me- During the practicum program, I have faced problems related to salary structure with statutory compliance. Mistakes made by me- During entering vouchers in Tally ERP9, I have made mistakes like choosing of right account for recording financial information. My strengths- My ability to learn with adoption of new concepts of salary computation and book keeping, with development of management skills in the domain of company accounting. Most beneficial information- The trend of accounting in Brick Industry of India with knowledge of payroll management, bookkeeping and development of management skills to serve the company with enriched MIS. My dream job- I would like to start in a company from the level of junior executive to reach the post of CFO in the accounting and finance domain. Final Report: Preface: As per schedule I have completed my practicum program with the Modern Brick Industry of Punjab, India. The arrangements had been made by my institution where I have completed by curriculum of accounts. The program has two objectives for me- to get acquainted with present accounting practices in business environment, to enhance my scope of employment through this experience. It is to be mentioned that the practicum program is extensive with continuity of 80 hours and had been scheduled from 1st November 2016 and ended on 11 the November, 2016. The division of my practicum program is for 10 days with 8 hours of work every day. Through this practicum program, I have learnt so many practical approaches of accounting jobs which was not known to me during my theoretical studies in the classroom. Learning Outcome: Being a student of accounting, I have already known the basic accounting approaches through my classroom teachings. The need of the moment was practical training for me for which I was assigned with the program as scheduled by my institute with brick industry of India. The company which was chosen for this purpose was from the state of Punjab, India. After completion of successful practicum program with that company for 80 hours, I was enriched with practical experience which endorsed the learning outcome as follows: Payroll management- This area was not taught in the classroom in detail. I came across with this assignment with one of the main issues of payroll management as practiced in India. The basic structure of payroll is same all over the world. The employer takes care of the employees by paying for their skills they offer to the company. But the critical analysis of practical approach of payroll management of the brick industry had given me wide exposure about this field. I came to know how the salary structure is being made for the employees, what are the basic criteria of fixing the salary package, how the salary is being calculated, what are the basic deductions made while calculating salary for the employees, the nature of deductions with its implications and effect for the employees and others, statutory compliance related to salary calculation and disbursement, mode of payment of salary and subsequent accounting of payroll. As it is a manufacturing unit, the role of wages for labors is also taught to me. The labors are mainly contractual in nature with the outsourcing made for the company from outside vendors. Consolidated payment is being made to the vendors with statutory deductions to be made for this purpose to abide by the government laws and acts (Easyhrworld, 2016). Book keeping- This is another area in which I had practicum experience through my internship program. The basic accounting theory is being endorsed by the practical experience related to this subject. The basic distinction of different accounting heads are being taught to me with their implications. Financial information and their respective treatment in the accounting system had been explored by me while learning the same through practical experience. The company is maintaining their accounts in the popular software named Tally ERP 9 with multi user web based version. The software is user friendly and is equipped with the basic features of accounting maintenance. Through my practicum program, I have experienced the treatment of different accounting heads and how they are to be treated to make a perfect trial balance which is essential for different finalization method like trading account to derive gross profit, profit and loss account to derive net profit before tax and balance she et to derive net worth of the company (Reviso, 2016). Management skills- Through this practicum program I am enriched with different features of accounting management like funding, working capital analysis, management accounting ratios with their way of derivation and their impact on the management of the company. I had also come across the implementation of latest concept of Triple Bottom Line management by the company for future sustainability in the fields of economic, social and environmental aspects. Self Realization: Through this program I am well equipped with the practical application of accounting in any industry with specialized effect on payroll management, book-keeping and management skills related to corporate accounting. Accounting in theoretical aspect is not matching with practical outcome, however basic knowledge is same. On this foundation, the concept of accounting system is established. It is often found that practical requirement for the job needs instant decision making which is basic requirement of management. Through this practicum program of 80 hours, I have gone through the practical accounting system of the company which had given me enough experience to prove myself a successful employee for any organization in the specific field of accounting. References: Accountingtools, 2012. What is the difference between accounting and bookkeeping? [Online] Available at: https://www.accountingtools.com/questions-and-answers/what-is-the-difference-between-accounting-and-bookkeeping.html [Accessed 19 January 2017]. Easyhrworld, 2016. Payroll Management. [Online] Available at: https://www.easyhrworld.com/features/payroll-management/ [Accessed 19 January 2017]. Empxtrack, 2014. What Is Payroll And How Payroll Calculations Are Done? [Online] Available at: https://empxtrack.com/blog/what-is-payroll-and-how-payroll-calculations-are-done/ [Accessed 19 January 2017]. Reviso, 2016. What is Bookkeeping? [Online] Available at: https://www.reviso.com/accountingsoftware/accounting-words/bookkeeping [Accessed 19 january 2017].

Scarlet Letter Influences Essays - Film, Cinema Of The United States

Scarlet Letter Influences Nathaniel Hawthorne's background influenced him to write the bold novel The Scarlet Letter. One important influence on the story is money. Hawthorne had never made much money as an author and the birth of his first daughter added to the financial burden ("Biographical Note" VII). He received a job at the Salem Custom House only to lose it three years later and be forced to write again to support his family (IX). Consequently, The Scarlet Letter was published a year later (IX). It was only intended to be a long short story, but the extra money a novel would bring in was needed ("Introduction" XVI). Hawthorne then wrote an introduction section titled "The Custom House" to extend the length of the book and The Scarlet Letter became a full novel (XVI). In addition to financial worries, another influence on the story is Hawthorne's rejection of his ancestors. His forefathers were strict Puritans, and John Hathorne, his great-great-grandfather, was a judge presiding during the S! alem witch trials ("Biographical Note" VII). Hawthorne did not condone their acts and actually spent a great deal of his life renouncing the Puritans in general (VII). Similarly, The Scarlet Letter was a literal "soapbox" for Hawthorne to convey to the world that the majority of Puritans were strict and unfeeling. For example, before Hester emerges from the prison she is being scorned by a group of women who feel that she deserves a larger punishment than she actually receives. Instead of only being made to stand on the scaffold and wear the scarlet letter on her chest, they suggest that she have it branded on her forehead or even be put to death (Hawthorne 51). Perhaps the most important influence on the story is the author's interest in the "dark side" ("Introduction" VIII). Unlike the transcendentalists of the era, Hawthorne "confronted reality, rather than evading it" (VII). Likewise, The Scarlet Letter deals with adultery, a subject that caused much scandal when it w! as first published (XV). The book revolves around sin and punishment, a far outcry from writers of the time, such as Emerson and Thoreau, who dwelt on optimistic themes (VII). This background, together with a believable plot, convincing characterization, and important literary devices enables Nathaniel Hawthorne in The Scarlet Letter to the develop the theme of the heart as a prison. The scaffold scenes are the most substantial situations in the story because they unify The Scarlet Letter in two influential ways. First of all, every scaffold scene reunites the main characters of the novel. In the first scene, everyone in the town is gathered in the market place because Hester is being questioned about the identity of the father of her child ( Hawthorne 52). In her arms is the product of her sin, Pearl, a three month old baby who is experiencing life outside the prison for the first time (53). Dimmesdale is standing beside the scaffold because he is Hester's pastor and it is his job to convince her to repent and reveal the father's name (65). A short time later, Chillingworth unexpectedly shows up within the crowd of people who are watching Hester after he is released from his two year captivity by the Indians (61). In the second scene, Dimmesdale is standing on top of the scaffold alone in the middle of the night (152). He sees Hester and Pearl walk through the market place on their way back from Governor Winthrop's bedside (157). When Dimmesdale recognizes them and tells them to join him, they walk up the steps to stand by his side (158). Chillingworth appears later standing beside the scaffold, staring at Dimmesdale, Hester, and Pearl. In the final scaffold scene, Dimmesdale walks to the steps of the scaffold in front of the whole town after his Election day sermon (263). He tells Hester and Pearl to join him yet again on the scaffold (264). Chillingworth then runs through the crowd and tries to stop Dimmesdale from reaching the top of the scaffold, the one place where he can't reach him (265). Another way in which the scenes are united is how each illustrates the immediate, delayed, and prolonged effects that the sin of adultery has on the main characters. The first scene shows Hester being publicly punished on the scaffold (52). She is being forced to stand on it for three hours straight and listen to peop! le talk about her as a disgrace and a shame to the community (55). Dimmesdale's instantaneous response to the sin is to lie. He

Free Essays on Reconstruction

â€Å"Reconstruction: An Unfinished Revolution† Events that have occurred through out history can usually be traced by the writings, theories, and research of that time; what is commonly considered â€Å"Historical facts†. In spite of this dominant idea that the interpretations of those events are factual, Histories interpretations involve both change and progression. As time progresses societies ideas change with it and the interpretations of certain events in history usually evolve with that passing time. This idea that histories interpretation are susceptible to change is seen in the changing attitude towards Americas post Civil War Reconstruction as Eric Foner points out in his essay â€Å" The New View of Reconstruction†. â€Å"In the past twenty years, no period of American history has been the subject of a more thoroughgoing reevaluation than reconstruction- the violent, dramatic, and still controversial era following the Civil War. Race relations, politics, social life, and economic change during reconstruction have all been reinterpreted in the light of changed attitudes toward the place of blacks within American society. If historians have not yet forged a fully satisfying portrait of reconstruction as a whole, the traditional interpretation that dominated historical writing for much of this century has irrevocably been laid to rest†(p. 8) Interpretations of history are subject to changes as new information is revealed, different ideas are heard, and as new interpretations are introduced. Eric Foner demonstrates the changing views on Reconstruction by introducing modern and traditional interpretations of Reconstruction. â€Å"Anyone who attended high school before 1960 learned that Reconstruction was a era of unrelieved sordidness in American political and social life.† The outlook on reconstruction during this time was that the â€Å"ignorant and child like freedmen†¦ were incapable of properly... Free Essays on Reconstruction Free Essays on Reconstruction â€Å"Reconstruction: An Unfinished Revolution† Events that have occurred through out history can usually be traced by the writings, theories, and research of that time; what is commonly considered â€Å"Historical facts†. In spite of this dominant idea that the interpretations of those events are factual, Histories interpretations involve both change and progression. As time progresses societies ideas change with it and the interpretations of certain events in history usually evolve with that passing time. This idea that histories interpretation are susceptible to change is seen in the changing attitude towards Americas post Civil War Reconstruction as Eric Foner points out in his essay â€Å" The New View of Reconstruction†. â€Å"In the past twenty years, no period of American history has been the subject of a more thoroughgoing reevaluation than reconstruction- the violent, dramatic, and still controversial era following the Civil War. Race relations, politics, social life, and economic change during reconstruction have all been reinterpreted in the light of changed attitudes toward the place of blacks within American society. If historians have not yet forged a fully satisfying portrait of reconstruction as a whole, the traditional interpretation that dominated historical writing for much of this century has irrevocably been laid to rest†(p. 8) Interpretations of history are subject to changes as new information is revealed, different ideas are heard, and as new interpretations are introduced. Eric Foner demonstrates the changing views on Reconstruction by introducing modern and traditional interpretations of Reconstruction. â€Å"Anyone who attended high school before 1960 learned that Reconstruction was a era of unrelieved sordidness in American political and social life.† The outlook on reconstruction during this time was that the â€Å"ignorant and child like freedmen†¦ were incapable of properly...

A Transcultural

As the world’s multi-cultural population increases, the significance of transcultural nursing in healthcare is strongly evident. Health care professionals are challenged by the need to understand the various cultural factors that influence a person’s response to health and illness and must develop attitudes and skills that will help them behave in culturally appropriate ways (Walsh DeJoseph, 2003). Transcultural nursing works as a formal education that equips nurses and other healthcare providers the knowledge regarding beliefs, values, and practices of different cultures in the society with the goal to produce a culturally competent practitioner, therefore, achieving patient satisfaction and positive outcomes (Leininger, 1999). The foundations for transcultural nursing had started with the purpose of compensating the complexities of healthcare needs of people belonging to different culture (Glittenberg, 2004; Tortumluoglu, 2006). Hence, knowing the unique behavioural patterns and lifestyles of a specific culture enables the provider to perform culturally congruent, holistic and appropriate healthcare service (Streltzer, 2008). Campinha-Bacote’s framework of cultural competence (2002) provides a thorough and comprehensible process for healthcare professional to become culturally competent. It guides healthcare practitioners in achieving the ability to effectively work within the context of the service users from a diverse cultural- ethnic background through keying out five essential components namely, cultural awareness, cultural knowledge, cultural skills, cultural encounter and cultural desire (Campinha-Bacote, 2011). Ryan, Carlton and Ali (2000) pointed out that the five constructs are functionally interdependent and must be covered. Entailing that one will be ineffective without the others, and similarly absence of one component gets unsatisfactory consequences. Imagine a six-stringed acoustic guitar, if one string is not in tune with the others, once you play it the resulting notes and chords are out of tune making a nuisance instead of music. When an individual is aware that people are different from one another in terms of personality, attitude and behaviour, partially because of their cultural beliefs or backgrounds, that person is culturally aware (Rew, Becker, Cookston, Khosropour Martinez, 2003). Moreover, The University of Michigan School of Nursing (2000) added that awareness and examination of one’s own beliefs is also an important component of this concept to avoid prejudices and biases when working with service users. However, ethnocentrism, which is defined in Oxford English Dictionary (2003) as  a  character which assumes that ones own group or belief is superior from the others, may weaken this construct. Awareness of this attitude would help health care provider in avoiding unjust service. Say, a Christian nurse was assigned to care for a dying atheist patient. She believes that death means going to heaven or hell, while her patient may believe that death simply means ceasing to exist. Despite of these differences of beliefs, her job to provide excellent care for the patient and ensuring that his needs are met were not faltered (pricklypear, personal communication, April 08, 2006). Though, somehow findings from studies conducted by Rew et al (2003) point that conscious awareness of cultural diversity does not guarantee cultural competence. Nurses and other health care providers need a solid knowledge about a variety of populations, culture- specific phenomena (e. . , social support), and human responses to diversity to better understand their client (Meleis, 1996). In acquiring this knowledge, healthcare practitioners must concentrate on three specific issues: health-related beliefs, practices and cultural values; disease incidence and prevalence (Lavizzo-Mourey, 1996). Getting cultural knowledge about the patient’s health-related be liefs and values involves understanding their worldview which justifies how he interprets his illness and how it guides his thinking, doing, and being (Campinha- Bacote, 2002). A concrete example is of an old Filipino faith healer who never consulted any clinician to diagnose the pain sensation he feels during urination. He believed that, it was spiritual opposition who inflicted the pain. Knowledge relating to the field of bio cultural ecology is also important when addressing disease incidence and prevalence among ethnic groups, This involves having accurate epidemiological data to guide decisions about treatment and treatment programs, health education, and screening in order to attain positive health care outcomes (Campinha-Bacote, 2002). Therefore, a promising cultural competent nurse must be updated of current research studies conducted, and likewise initiating some research work himself. In incurring cultural knowledge, one should always remember that every individual is a unique blend of the variety found within each culture, an incomparable collection of life experiences, and the product of acculturation to other cultures (Capinha-Bacote, 2002). Thus, it is very vital that every health care provider develops the skill to culturally assess every client that will come to their care. This requires sensitivity and more in-depth studying of cultures and sub-cultures (Meleis, 1996). The third component of Campinha-Bacote’s model of cultural competence (2002) is cultural skill. It is the capability to carry on a cultural assessment by gathering cultural data relevant to the patient’s presenting problem, at the same time conducting a culturally-based physical assessment accurately (Tortumluoglu, 2006 Campinha-Bacote, 2011). According to the author, this construct plays a substantial part in planning nursing care for an individual. Data gathered during assessment, especially in initial screening interview serves as the basis or guide in establishing a plan of care for the client. During this crucial process the health care provider should be aware how a client’s physical, biological, and physiological changes affect his/her ability to conduct an accurate and appropriate physical evaluation. Particularly, differences in body structure, skin colour, and visible physical characteristics, (Capinha-Bacote, 2002). For instance, a well known man from a wealthy family came to an Out-Patient service, the nurse who is doing the screening was aware of the patient’s elite background, might get intimidated and may cause inaccurate assessment. Next, is cultural encounter; the process which encourages the health care provider to immerse himself to various cultural interactions with clients from culturally diverse backgrounds (Tortumluoglu, 2006). Cultural encounter may be experienced on real situation and through simulation or role playing (Shearer Davidhizar, 2003; Walsh DeJoseph, 2003). Both, aid in modifying existing beliefs about a cultural group and prevent possible stereotyping. However, the author identified one obstacle that may encounter in this process specifically during assessment stage, which involves the language barrier between the care provider and the service user. This is especially possible if both came from different country of origin. The use of formally trained interpreter is strongly recommended if this situation occurs to avoid faulty data collection (Campinha-Bacote, 2002). Finally, the fifth component of this model is cultural desire. This is the most crucial construct, since without desire, cultural awareness, knowledge, skills and encounters will not be gladly experienced. Cultural desire is a genuine passion and a commitment to become culturally competent health care provider ( Campinha-Bacote, 2003). Therefore, it is safe to say that every health care provider must be driven by cultural desire for this is the heart and soul of cultural competence. In fact, the author strongly believes that this passion and unaltered commitment must be the fundamental construct of all the transcultural nursing models. Campinha-Bacotes model embraces the experiential-phenomenological perspective. It supports the client as teacher of his culture and the clinician as learner. Furthermore, it recognises that culture is dynamic and always changing and there is more variation within a culture than among different cultures (Brathwaite, 2003). Although Campinha-Bacote’s Cultural Competent model may  have a strong track record of effectiveness (Carol, 2007; Rew et al; Tortumluoglu, 2006),   yet it is encouraged to spend time in research and evaluate the various models of transcultural nursing to determine which one is best for a particular client, organization or situation. Cultural competence recognizes the broad scope of the dimensions that influence an Individual’s personal identity. Within the behavioural health system (which addresses mental illnesses), cultural competence must be a guiding principle, so that services are culturally sensitive and culturally appropriate prevention, outreach, assessment and intervention are provided (Stanhope, Solomon, Pernell-Arnold, Sands Bourjolly, 2005) . This will be indicated in the following case. A 37 years old Irish, male, single, and a traveller from Northern Ireland was admitted for schizophrenia with retrograde amnesia in the nursing home. The client was referred by a social worker and was assessed by one of the nurses on duty. The nurse noted that patient’s posture was quite slouch and has a good bearing. He wore clean and neat clothing appropriate for the weather. He was groomed plain and simple. His hair well combed. However, his nails were untrimmed both on hands and feet. The nurse noted the lesions and skin rashes on the client’s right foot and observed that he moved slowly during ambulation. Further, there were times that he looks straight in the eyes when questioned and when he answered, he glanced on the other people around him. The client was monosyllabic in communicating and was unable to recall long term memories. He also looked disturbed and preoccupied at all times. During his first week in the institution, the client was noted to be unsociable. He preferred to stay inside his room and would just go out during meal time to join the other clients in the dining area. On one occasion, the carer had attempted to engage in a conversation with him. She found out that the client can’t recall anything from his past including his childhood, his family or where he lived before. He can’t even recall the number of the family members and the person he was in contact with prior to his admission in the institution. Though he stated that his birthday falls on January 13, he can’t remember the exact year. Surprisingly, he was able to recall what he had for breakfast and lunch. It was also noticed that the patient has slight awareness of being sick and needing but denting it at the same time. He is aware that he is sick but he’s trying to blame it to others. Like when asked why he is in the institution on one interaction, he answered that his friends sent him there because of misconceptions. According to him he’s not guilty of any wrong doing and denied all the accusations on him. In addition, it was noted that the patient has some problems on impulse control. At times he showed hostile, aggressive and sexual tendencies towards the staff and to the other clients. In view of the above circumstance, The â€Å"Cultural Competence† model of Campinha-Bacote(2002), offers the nursing staff the framework for rendering culturally relevant care to the culturally and behaviourally diverse psychiatric client. Initially, upon the client’s admission, general data of the client such as general appearance, ethnicity, gender, age, hobbies or work, disability, orientation and memory impairment was gathered. The cultural challenge seen at this stage was first the different cultural background the client represents. Accurate knowledge concerning language, clothing and patient’s cultural, religious, or spiritual beliefs or practices that influence care must be obtained in order to perform culturally appropriate service (Streltzer, 2008). Tseng and Streltzer (2004) stressed that language is one tool through which culture expressed. Through language, a person communicates underlying conceptions, values, and attitudes that can be very different among different cultural systems. Comprehending another person’s culture through his language can be therefore quite challenging, particularly when that language is very different from one’s own but with genuine interest and remaining nonjudgmental, probability of gathering relevant information will be assured. Another challenge noted was the diagnosed condition of the patient. Lack of understanding about Schizophrenia may pose a great problem to the nursing staff in this case. This disorder is identified with complex characteristics according to type. Basically, people with schizophrenia have an altered perception of reality, often a significant loss  of contact with reality. They may see or hear things that don’t exist, speak in strange or confusing ways, believe that others are trying to harm them, or feel like they’re being constantly watched (Smith Segal, 2011). Obtaining cultural awareness pertained to this disorder must be consolidated among the management and staff. Like what Campinha-Bacote, (2002b) emphasized that cultural skill involves the ability to collect relevant cultural information about the patient’s history and presenting problems. Legally accessing patient’s records of past health, social, and environmental history is positively beneficial. Finally, the greatest challenge identified in this case is the client’s unusual behaviour and psychomotor activity. People with schizophrenia tend to have unpredictable or inappropriate emotional responses. They may exhibit behaviours that appear bizarre and purposeless. Sometimes they lack of inhibition and impulse control which may pose danger to themselves, and to people around them. Moreover, apparent social withdrawal which usually manifests through inexpressive face, including a flat voice, lack of eye contact, and blank or restricted facial expressions is common (Campinha-Bacote, 2002b). Cultural encounters may be difficult and uncomfortable at times, especially encounters with abnormal behaviours due to fear and diffidence. Good intentions and the nonverbal communication style of a psychiatric nurse can sometimes be interpreted as offensive and insulting to a specific cultural group. The psychiatric nurse must become more sensitive to the meaning of a culture’s nonverbal communication, such as eye contact, facial expressions, and use of touch, body language, and distancing practices when engaging in cross-cultural encounters (Current Nursing, 2011 Peterson, 2004). She must identify feelings that lead to patient’s poor social interaction. If client is unable to respond verbally or in a coherent manner, spending frequent short periods with client might be good start. Structuring times each day for brief interactions and activities with client on one-on-one basis is likewise helpful. These activities should work at the client’s pace and ability. Examples are looking through family pictures, watching TV, drawing or painting and other recreational activities that would enhance client’s attention and engagement (Tseng and Streltzer, 2004). To sum it up, this culturally-related aspects of care in the client and there accompanying challenges won’t be addressed and overcome respectively, if cultural competency is not learned and demonstrated. A cultural desire must be developed and surged in each health care provider to effectively furnish the unmet, culturally-related needs of the client. Cultural desire is the motivation of the psychiatric nurse to â€Å"want to† engage in this uncomfortable situation. Carrying out all the planned care with the passion and humility to accept and respect differences, and be willing to learn from different world (Campinha-Bacote, 2002). With the increase in diversity in an ever-changing society and the escalating need for nurses to be educated and skilled in transcultural nursing, every opportunity that would contribute to development of cultural competence should be seized. In conclusion, transcultural nursing was designed to equip and empower every carer, nurse, and any health care provider to embrace the challenges and hindrances that diverse cultures bear. Campinha-Bacote’s cultural competence model is one of the few effective tools suggested to utilize in whatever situation a service provider is in, may it be in clinical or mental health setting.

Global tech change simulation final paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global tech change simulation final paper - Essay Example To cater for such shortcomings, the change management plan was tailored accordingly. The outcomes of the change management simulation clearly provide that most objectives were met with. Evidence for this fact is provided by the many quantifiable indicators presented in the findings of the change management simulation. On the other hand, there are some areas, such as understanding the problem, where the quantifiable indicators could not score very well and hence it could be surmised that these areas could have benefited from better planning and implementation. If there were an opportunity to redo this project, the Understand part of the project, particularly problem identification, would be redone with greater objectivity to achieve greater success at it. In a similar manner, the Enlist part of the project could have done better through greater motivation to employees. Similarly, there were some loose ends in the Motivate and Communicate parts of the exercise that could have had better outcomes through better planning, implementation and reporting. Kotter’s change process carries a large amount of respect in contemporary change management practices given its efficacy in delivering on outcomes. The change management plan used for Global Tech is differentiated from Kotter’s change process although it does hold some comparable exponents. If the change plan for Global Tech is analyzed sequentially, it becomes clear that the first phase of the change plan â€Å"Understand† is in some part influenced by Kotter’s exponents of â€Å"Increase urgency† and â€Å"Get the vision right†. Kotter’s ideas on â€Å"Increase urgency† build on an examination of the market’s competitive nature and present challenges that require change. Similarly, Kotter’s ideas on â€Å"Get the vision right† rely on developing an understanding of where the organization is at and where it needs to go to meet looming challenges

Business technology 250 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business technology 250 - Assignment Example The NIC allows a computing device to connect to a particular network. The network controller provides the hardware and circuitry needed to relay messages on a particular type of data link layer standard. Of these standards Ethernet has gained significant popularity and is widely used across the globe. It is for this purpose Ethernet enabled NIC would be made use of (Posey 2006). Wireless access point (WAP): Wireless access point is basically a device that allows wireless devices such as Smartphones, tablet PCs and Laptops to gain access to wired networks via some standard (Enterasys 2013). Through access point a number of devices are able to use the services of a network without the use of additional wiring. A WLAN controller is used to help manage Wireless access points within an office or a particular area (Enterasys 2013). DSL (asymmetric digital subscriber line) Modem: ADSL technology enables the transmission of data at a faster rate than traditional modems. The transmission medi um in both types of modems is the same that is copper telephone lines. The frequencies used by ADSL are different from those that are used during a telephone call. A device known as DSL filter allows the division of a telephone connection for the purposes of ADSL services and voice calls (ANSI 1998). Switch: A network switch is a device that is used to connect two or more than two devices with each other. In some cases a switch is used to connect two different sections of a network (Kohlhepp 2000). Switches are mainly used in those network areas where great emphasis is placed on the performance of the network and its security. Some vendors of switches provide firewall protection and network intrusion detection along with the switch to enhance its performance (Kohlhepp 2000). Gateway: A gateway is a computational system that has the capability to link two different networks that make use of different communication protocol. A gateway can comprise of hardware components, software comp onents or a combination of both. Unlike the switch a gateway tends to operate at any layer of the OSI model. The layer at which the gateway operates depends on the type of protocol being used (Allen-Bradley 2013). VPN software: VPN software helps establish the process of tunneling. VPN tunneling is a technology that allows users to create and manage logical network connections (Bender 2010). Through tunneling packets that are created in a certain VPN are encoded with a certain carrier protocol which is decoded only at the receiving end. Through tunneling certain threats and attacks can be averted and the security of the network can be strengthened (Bender 2010). Architecture of the system: Architecture in computers refers to the process of designing the structure of a computer system, microprocessor or even a program of a system. The architecture that is required in the case scenario can be divided into three main blocks of network foundation, network services and user services. Net work foundation: Like the foundation of a building the network foundation is considered as a building block on which the infrastructure and the rest of the services rely on (Cisco 2012). The network foundation ensures that information is easily transported from one location to the other without any hindrance. The network foun

The limits to confidentiality Essay Example for Free

The limits to confidentiality Essay What are the limits to confidentiality? Describe a situation in which you might breach confidentiality. What are the legal and ethical implications of such a decision? Business General Business Human services professionals often need to make ethical decisions when providing support to clients. Decision making models help supply guidance to case managers and other human services professionals. Complete the University of Phoenix Material: Decision Making Models found in this week’s materials section of your classroom Take advantage of public transportation. College is expensive enough without adding gas and car maintenance to the equation. Many college campuses have arrangements with their city bus system that allow students to ride for free. Most college campuses have everything you need withing a short distance so avoid driving whenever you can. This file of BSHS 335 Week 2 Discussion Question 1 contains: What are the limits to confidentiality? Describe a situation in which you might breach confidentiality. What are the legal and ethical implications of such a decision? Read more:  Confidentiality and Disclosing Concerns Business General Business Human services professionals often need to make ethical decisions when providing support to clients. Decision making models help supply guidance to case managers and other human services professionals. Complete the University of Phoenix Material: Decision Making Models found in this week’s materials section of your classroom Take advantage of public transportation. College is expensive enough without adding gas and car maintenance to the equation. Many college campuses have arrangements with their city bus system that allow students to ride for free. Most college campuses have everything you need withing a short  distance so avoid driving whenever you can. Take advantage of public transportation. College is expensive enough without adding gas and car maintenance to the equation. Many college campuses have arrangements with their city bus system that allow students to ride for free. Most college campuses have everything you need withing a short distance so avoid driving whenever you can. Business General Business Human services professionals often need to make ethical decisions when providing support to clients. Decision making models help supply guidance to case managers and other human services professionals.

Walker Percys The Moviegoer Essay -- Walker Percy Moviegoer Essays

Walker Percy's The Moviegoer Walker Percy is the author of The Moviegoer, which is written about a young man named John Binkerson Bolling otherwise known as Binx. He is the main character who grows up in New Orleans. He is a moviegoer who is on a search but the object of his search is not clear. The people he encounters help him along the way, especially his stepbrother Lonnie and an African American man. The Moviegoer takes place during Mardi Gras when Binx discovers that something more is needed in his life. The story begins with Binx receiving a letter from his Aunt Emily saying that they need to have a talk. This talk is about his cousin Kate who Aunt Emily is worried about. She has been â€Å"moping around the house† ever since her fiancà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s death and Aunt Emily wants Binx to cheer her up (28). She wants him to treat Kate as he did before and joke around with her to make her laugh and smile. She has been staying inside and has not interacted with people in a while. On Binx’s way to his aunt’s house, â€Å"the idea of a search occurs to† him (13). â€Å"The search is what anyone would undertake if he were not sunk in the everydayness of his own life. To become aware of the possibility of the search is to be onto something† (13). But what exactly is Binx onto? Binx doesn’t know and doesn’t reveal the purpose of his search because he fears â€Å"exposing (his) own ignorance† (14). Is this search about God? Binx â€Å"hesitates to answer, since all other Americans have settled the matter for themselves and to give such an answer would amount to setting himself a goal which everyone else has reached – and therefore raising a question in which no one has the slightest interest. For, as everyone knows, the polls report that 98% of Americans believe in God and the remaining 2% are atheists and agnostics – which leaves not a single percentage point for a seeker† (13, 14). Binx’s search continues through his attraction to the movies that â€Å"are onto the search, but throw him further from the truth. The search always ends in despair† (13). The movies are a way for him to fill the emptiness in his life. They give him incite into others lives and into his own life. â€Å"Before I see a movie it is necessary for me to learn about something about the theater or the people who operate it, to touch base before going inside† (74). This helps him learn more about how others live and lear... ... wants with his life. He does not need to be as religious as Lonnie but he has choices. Lonnie is willing to fast even though he is very sick and this gives Binx faith that anything is possible if you put your mind to it. Even on Lonnie’s deathbed, he is content. After his â€Å"half-brother Lonnie Smith died of a massive virus infection which was never positively identified,† he is asked what will happen to Lonnie (237). The children ask Binx, â€Å"When Our Lord raises us up on the last day, will Lonnie still be in a wheelchair or will he be like us?† and he responds with, â€Å"he’ll be like you† (240). This he may not act in a religious way but at least he does not deny the Lord. So even though he is not all religious, he has taken the faith of Lonnie and directed it into his life. Lonnie’s belief in the long run affects Binx and helps him so many times in his search. He started as a moviegoer, living his life through the movies and now he realizes he can live his life through his actions. He was inspired by one he knew very well and by others everyday actions. He was inspired for the better and hopefully his new profession and wife will fill the void that he’s been feeling for so long.

Accounting consultation Essay

My future career choice is to become an accounting consultant; this job would require me to create financial reports, pro-forma financial statements and reports for businesses. I would have to analyse, interpret and evaluate financial statements and reports for various authorities accounting consultants help businesses with all of their financial needs. In order to become an accounting consultant, I would have to upgrade my mathematical, technical and accounting skills. I can better my skills in accounting software’s, I can do this by taking courses online that teach me how to use specific accounting software’s, taking this course would help me to progress in my career path as I would have the knowledge and this would help me stand out from other people, giving me a better chance of getting a job to be a successful accounting consultant. See more: Homeless satire essay Examples of websites that have online course that can teach me on how to use specific software’s are: https://cs.thomsonreuters.com/Training/ and http://www.professorteaches.com/course_info/accounting_fundamentals.shtml I can improve my skills in accounting by gaining a degree within an accounting course at university. Gaining a degree would mean that I would have three years to learn about accounting thoroughly and this would help me to gain the skills in accounting that I need, it would also help me improve my mathematical and numerical skills as accounting already consists of numerical skills so whilst studying the subject, my numerical skills should also improve. Another way that I can upgrade my accounting skills is by taking a professional accounting course, an example of a course that I can take is AAT, this course will give three qualification at the end and will give me the chance to learn practical skills to prepare me for my career choice, It teaches all the accounting skills that I would need to become an accounting consultant. For me personally I think a degree in an accounting related course is the best option as I believe that the learning is more intensive which means that I will be able to learn more thoroughly and also I will have the option of taking a sandwich course which means that I would not miss out on the real life practical side of accounting. The courses that I have applied for university are: 1. Business with accounting 2. Accounting with finance 3. Accounting with management I have chosen these courses as they all will allow me to reach my future career goal. I have not chosen to do accounting on its own as I believe that It can limit my knowledge, studying another topic will further my knowledge as I can see how accounting can relate to other subjects. By the end, I hope to have achieved a BSc degree in an accounting related subject with either a first or a 2:1. This print screen show the information about the AAT course, I have found out all the information about the course from this website. This print screen is of an online forum that discusses the pros and cons of both the course and a degree, this helped me come to a decision as all the discussions were from the point of views of students as well as professionals. Research Skills: I have used research skills both during my business course and during my UCAS application. I have used research skills in the units in the business course as I had to research various things in order to complete assignments and course works. A specific unit where I had to use research skills in unit 31 as this unit required me research about different businesses and find out things like their policies, their history and also trends. I used research skills during UCAS to find out about different courses available and I had to research university’s that we the best for me. Over all I think I have used my research skills well as I have researched effectively and found out the information that I needed. Literacy: I had to use literacy skills whilst completing my UCAS application as I had to write out a personal statement, which required me to have immaculate literacy skills, however I do not think that I have used the skill well as there were many mistakes in punctuation. I have also used literacy skills during my business units for example in Unit 15 I had to create posters and reports, these documents required good literacy skills although I do not believe that I have used the skill very well and grammar and punctuation  required a lot of improvement. Planning: I have to plan all my work within my business course, I need to plan to ensure that the work is handed in on time and it is not done at last minute to ensure that the work is presented at the best of quality. I believe that I am using this skill well as I have not handed in any work late, however I do occasionally find y self-completing work last minute which needs to be improved. Decision-making: I had to use decision making skills while completing my UCAS application as I had to make the correct decisions as to which 5 universities I want to apply to, I believe I have carried out this skill well as I decided realistically as I only applied to the universities that have the requirements that I can meet also I based my decision on the units the universities courses have. Problem solving: During unit 15 there were alit of problem solving tasks, i have tried to solve all the tasks however there were a few that I could not solve. I have to also do problem solving in unit 5, as I had to solve problems within a cash flow, I had successfully solved all the problems within the data. Time-management: I need to ensure I have good time management for both UCAS application and the Business course. I need to make sure that I hand in by UCAS application by the beginning of December, I believe I am managing my time effectively as I am ready to hand in my application and It is the middle of November. I also need to ensure that I have good time management Ability to prioritise:

CP

Nowadays, CAP has thousands of branches around the oral and number one chicken import and export in Asia and number one on animal food producer in the world. If we want to talk about CAP strategies, we have to go through Cap's history in 1962. In 1962, CAP was competed with many other crops companies to sell crop to Thai farmer in Thailand. However, at that time, farmers did not trust the crops that came from the companies because there were cases of rotten crops and the quality was very bad.CAP, at that time, depended mainly on animal crop which were the main revenues for CAP. Danni, owner of CAP, had the idea that will throw the competitors off the amen. He mixed and sold crops in packages instead of actual food for animals. He hired the specialist to control the product which it is rarely new in Thailand. CAP promised to every farmer that they willing to pay for everything that happen related to their products. Therefore, CAP gains farmer's trust since then. CAP slowly changed fro m selling animal crop to chickens due to the demand of chicken in Asia.In 1 967, CAP conducted four new minor companies to give opportunities for the one who has potential to show their management skill and CAP bought 90% of stock market on chicken packaging.. In 1 995, CAP has over 57 factories in 50 cities throughout Asia and Europe. Nowadays, CAP bought everything that help their business grows and reduces many competitors. For example, CAP bought 7-11 which are American Franchise Company and Macro as well. CAP revenues do not from only CAP product itself, but also other companies that CAP bought as well. There are Chester Grill, True Co-operation, Dang Motors, Pin An insurance and Asia Telecoms.So CAP basically sells cars, telephone, insurance and cable television too. That what make CAP so big that other companies do not want to compete with. In my opinion, this is one kind of the strategy too. Talking about mission and vision, CAP has set high standard on these two aspects. Ca p's vision basically to become most professional food company that fulfill the demands of their client and increases life quality for everyone which is of course their responsibility. Just the vision of the company makes me want to buy CAP product now.Cap's mission is to develop agricultural industries and become the leader of creating healthy eating habits to consumers by giving high quality and reliable product to ones who lacked protein. There are three main benefits in investment philosophy Of the CAP group which are benefit Of the country CAP invested in, benefits of people of that country invested in, and finally, the benefit of CAP Company. CAP strategies are based on these vision and missions. CAP keeps moving forward and expands their company bigger and bigger every day. CAP has achieved their goal 10 years ago. Talking about CAP competitions, if in Thailand, there is none.CAP has influences among those who do food company. Other word, it is on CAPS side. Many of the food c ompanies choose to work with the CAP instead of competing with it. The company that competes with CAP is Chinese COFFS Corporation Company in China which sold tea, wine, cooking oil, and chicken. There is also Eek Chord China Motors which compete with CAPS ASIA and Dang Motors which of course the size of the organization is not even comparable. Can overcome many obstacles and use their strategies to overcome every environmental aspect including Thai flooding, world economic crisis, and Thai on-going protest.In my opinion, the main strategy of CAP is to gain consumers trust and expectations. CAP does many charities and of course, Donating is a ere popular among Thai people and society. CAP is the professional to win the heart of the people. CAP also provides varieties of foods and not just chickens. Because of there is no competition to begin with, CAP can sold their products daily every;here and not afraid of other things but politic. Politic can really hurt big company such as CAP. In 2012, Thai government increase wages per worker to 300 baths a day which there is no strategy to help solving it.CAP and every other CEO and Chairman need to lost more money in employee costs. CAP is not affected at all. They are still standing to this very day. There is new CAP campaign called â€Å"Life Stations† which is targeted mainly on young people such as high-school, university students and office people. It is located in China with in the middle of office districts in Guanos. CAP understands the market well and designs Life Station to fit the personalities of those people who is going to be customers. For example, life station near the schools, it going to provide not just breakfast, milk, or bakery products. It also has stationery shop as well.If Life Station is near the office, it will provide ere wife and of course, many kinds of coffee. If Life Station opens in the city area, it will provide varieties of foods and provide best quality. The main strategy of L ife Station is the design of actual branch and gain more information on consumer to find opportunities in future products of CAP. Life stations are designed to fit people's life styles. The design will attract lots of people and they are willing to try new things. The best ways to be profitable is to reduce the cost of products which is cooking ingredients which CAP already as factories and farms around the world.The cost of products is cheap, that is why it is profitable. There will be obstacle such as economy and sometime lack of customers. Life Station will carry out promotion plan to attract more customers which are marketing departments job by using buy one gets one free or anything necessary to gain more consumers. Research and development department will work with human resources department to gain the information about people in the Life Station's area to develop an insight on consumers and gain more idea what to develop in the future.

Kids in the Industrial Rev. essays

Kids in the Industrial Rev. essays The Industrial Revolution caused great changes in the people's way of life, especially childrens lives. By the early 1800's, most of the British people knew they were in the mist of a nationwide economic and social revolution. Educational and political privileges, which once had belonged to the upper class, spread to the growing middle class. Some workers were replaced by machines while others found a new job opportunities working with machinery. Both workers and employers had a cold and impersonal relationship. Most workers lived and worked in extremely harsh conditions in the ever expanding industrial cities. Under the domestic system, many employers had a close relationship with their workers and felt some responsibility for them. However, such relationships became impossible in the large factories of the Industrial Revolution. Industrialists employed many workers and could not deal with them personally. The average working day was between twelve to fourteen hours. Workers worked six days a week, that includes men, women, and small children. In the factories machines made workers work faster and harder without rest. Jobs became specialized and the work monotonous. Factory wages were low, most factory owners kept the wages low deliberately. Women and children worked as unskilled laborers and made only a small fraction of the men's already low wages. Children under ten years of age were often deformed or crippled by unsafe machines. Most factory workers, like other types of workers, were desperately poor and could not read or write, giving them no hope of a better life. Housing in the growing factory cities could not keep up with the migration of workers from rural areas. Severe overcrowding resulted, and many people lived in extremely unsanitary conditions that led to outbreaks of diseases. Since the ancient times, Children have worked to help support their families when they are in need, especiall ...

FramptonHolis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

FramptonHolis - Essay Example Subject to the scope of the exhibition and the limitation of time, the author had to change his plans and stay in Ohio for another day. This introduced an impromptu. He later learnt that the flight that would otherwise have taken him inbound from Minneapolis collided in midair over Staten Island with another aircraft (Frampton 49). The reading introduces the only survivor of the crash, a ten-year-old boy who fell two miles into the streets of Brooklyn (Frampton 49). The author presents the aspect of photography by introducing a newspaper photograph of the survivor, which depicted a broken child, surrounded by ambulance attendants and police, lying on the pavement in front of the Pillar of Fire (Frampton 49). The author related that photograph and the impromptus with Edward Weston where he was wondering just like that many photographers whether Weston tried to kill him or save his life. He claims that many photographers over the past thirty or forty years encountered the same feeling (Frampton 49). The reading relates photography and the survival of the young boy with the aspect of sainthood where he claims that only a few hundred saints remain in the world. The reading notes that the continued refusal to address one to questions about ones work derives the aspect of sainthood. Nevertheless, a few crazy saints like the Mark Rothko, Mechtild von Magdeburg, and Alban Berg, Mechtild exist (Frampton 50). Saints relate with artists and saints are of interest to everyone who seeks to join sainthood while Heresiarchs are chiefly of interest to other heresiarchs (Frampton 50). Furthermore, the reading asserts that if photography has produced a saint, then that saint must be Edward Weston who is a manly and businesslike saint like Ignatius Loyola (Frampton 50). The reading addresses photography by asserting that it is possible to strip painting of everything but its own specification while it would seem impossible to strip the photograph in

Describe your interest in art and film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Describe your interest in art and film - Essay Example The movies of the 1940s and the early color movies of the 1950s also capture elements of American culture and I find it fascinating to observe the way the people are different from people today. All of the visual aspects of these movies, including interior decor, costumes, and the details of street scenes conjure up a world that is gone now. Through watching these films I can imagine what it must have been like to live in those days. I I also enjoy analyzing the way the film is put together from a script and a set of many thousands of still frames with different camera angles, musical score, etc. to make a complete whole. The world of film is very commercialized, and this is something that people today have learned to accept without thinking. I find interesting to see which films are released for the mass market, and to work out why some of them are such great successes, and some of them lose a lot of money. One genre that I find fascinating is science fiction, because it allows the director and the audience to venture into a parallel universe, where the strangest things can happen.

Screen Memories Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Screen Memories - Term Paper Example Screen memories are behind some of the out of the world experiences that people, for instance who claim to have been abducted by aliens, seem to experience. These people tend to recall things such as clowns, circuses, images of cats dogs or other animals and other pleasant images and feelings. Screened memories are also interpreted as the manifestation of a fear or feeling of trepidation that a person might be feeling towards something or a particular circumstance or situation (Sigmund 2-100). These feelings or emotions might be brought together in the brain and projected as an image towards which a person has those feelings towards. For instance, a person who is very scared of cheetahs or eagles might have the feelings projected as the images of these particular animals. Screen memories have helped many psychoanalysts help their patients understand some of their behaviors, dreams, nightmares or other mental disorders and conditions. By talking to patients and sometimes putting them under hypnosis, psychoanalysts have helped to unravel many mysteries about people whose perception of who they are seem to be out of the norm from the rest of society. As discussed earlier, screen memories are used to project someone’s feelings but in a particular image depending on what the person feels towards the particular thing in the image. Screen memories have been useful in helping patients who were traumatized at early ages, but whose behaviors or state of minds are affected, though the cause has not always been clear. The human brain is so great that it tends to take measures to protect people who have been traumatized from deteriorating and useless lives. However, this usually occurs through blocking of the traumatic experiences and replacing them with more tolerant images. However, the truth always comes out if the screened images are psychoanalyzed further. This method has helped people with deviant behaviors or disorders such as memory

Analysis of Curriculum Perspectives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Analysis of Curriculum Perspectives - Essay Example He did research on implementation of the curriculum and found that schools spend about sixty seven percent of their time focusing on hidden aspects of the curriculum yet they were not aware of this. Eisner (1979) asserts that those subjects that receive more attention are determined by the hidden curriculum. The latter is also responsible for the teaching styles adopted in classrooms and methods of delivering subject content. In relation to this argument, many philosophers and educationists came up with theories explaining the nature of the hidden curriculum. The proponents, critics and content of these perspectives will be examined in detail in the subsequent portions of the essay. These will incorporate five main perspectives. Psychology is one of the most important disciplines in education because rot was responsible for the creation of the experiential theory of the curriculum. It should be noted that before experiential approaches most theories of education revolved around reductionist views. However, with the passage of time, more and more psychologists realized that there was more to learning that reduction. This formed the background fro the experiential theory. The main proponents of the theory were Freire and Kolb. The proponents believed that learning occurred in a cycle. It first starts with experience, this is then followed by reflection where there is perception and processing, thereafter action takes place. For example, teachers may be faced with the task of awarding grades for a particular exam. The fact that they are undergoing that challenge denotes the fact that they are experiencing it; i.e. the first phase of experiential learning. Thereafter, teachers have to think about other circumstances where they have had to do the same. This will constitute the reflective part of the learning process. Thereafter, they are expected to consider all the angles to the issue. They may decide to consult with other teachers on the issue and this will cause further reflection. This reflective aspect is made of two major concepts. These are abstract conceptualization and active experimentation. In the latter part, one has to apply logic in the formation of ideas; feelings are not considered here. While in the active experimentation stage, learning occurs through experimentation with changing scenarios. Kolb therefore came up with four stages that help to identify learning styles depending on the earlier elements of the learning process. The stages are; activists, pragmatists, theorizers and reflectors. Those who focus on one stage more than another will fall into that respective learning style. Knox (1986) asserts that these stages can be applied in the classroom when students are trying to learn something. This is because they can relate to subject content on a cognitive level and can therefore internalize the learning process. Besides that, experiential theory can also be applied by teachers. Teachers can present information in bits or in phase so that they can allow learners to 'experience' it. Brookfield (1990) asserts that teachers should realize that curriculum ideas are tested through the experiences acquired from their lives.

Effects of the Spirit of Competition

Effects of the Spirit of Competition The spirit of competition is one of the underlying principles in any sporting event, be it one athlete against another, or team against team. The preconceived notion on the part of spectators as to which individual or team will prevail is the attraction and allure of a sporting event, in other words the degree of uncertainty concerning the outcome. By nature, human beings are curious, inquisitive, competitive and cooperative. The harsh conditions of survival that were a fact of life in the prehistoric era provide evidence of how we are bound together. Tribes grew as extensions of family units with the strongest individual rising to take charge over hunting and warding off rival family groups in order to secure the territories best suited to the continued survival of the group. As these tribal groups grew larger, either as a result of birth rates or conquest, the size of competitive conflicts grew as well. Tribal members trained to become better skilled in the use of weapons as well as their individual personal strength in order to prevail in these conflicts. The desire to secure better territories for hunting and survival fuelled further conflicts throughout this age as tribal societies continued to expand and grow. The Greek state of Sparta provides one of the best examples of society organized under the principles of domination through military means. Young Spartan males were removed from their households at the age of seven for mandatory military training which included instruction in the weapons of the day as well as a rigorous schedule of intense physical athletics. In essence, the female population of Sparta ran the economy overseeing slaves, managing the harvest of crops, and conducting commerce as Spartan males trained and served in the military with little to nothing to do concerning other affairs. Spartan training included participation in athletic contests such as gymnastics, running, swimming, throwing the discus and javelin to hone their minds and bodies for the military. Historically, athletic games were an inherent part of Greek religious festivals held at temples where the populace gathered to watch competitors as they honoured the gods. Greek mythology tells us that the Olympic Games started as a funeral feast to honor King Pelops who had prevailed in a chariot race held by KingOenimaus to select a mate for his daughter Hippodamia. The Games started in 776 B.C. and consisted of just a running event which later expanded to include the pentathlon, javelin, boxing, horse and chariot races, wrestling, discus and jumping. Winners of events were hailed as heroes with the commensurate stature and standing in Spartan society accompanying these triumphs. History reveals that the Roman Empire continued this tradition in the Coliseum pitting gladiators against gladiators, along with other spectacles to win the favour of the populace through state sponsored entertainment. The preceding historical summary has been undertaken to provide perspective on how athletics and then sporting events were an outgrowth of a quest for survival linked through physical terms and then as a part of religious celebration to honour deities. The festive mood of these events provided the opportunity to honour champions and also afforded its participants with a means to elevate their status in society as a result of winning. Spectators were entertained by events that consisted of a limited duration of time whereby the person who would prevail could be determined. The uncertainty as to the outcome provided the intrigue, drama and entertainment value. And therein lies the appeal of sports, not knowing the outcome until the event has run its course. Present day sporting events still hold the same basic appeals, competition, uncertainty, a specific time of duration and a festive atmosphere with one major distinction, they are big business. Multimillion dollar stadiums, government tax concessions, broadcast revenue agreements, licensing, merchandise marketing, product sponsorships and endorsements are a few of the financial components of this entertainment medium. English Football, like its American Cousin the National Football League (NFL), professional soccer, basketball, Formula 1, golf and all sports share one common trait – ‘The Outcome’. Fans attend games and events, watch them on television, wager on point spreads and place bets, as the ‘Outcome’ of the match-ups is the source of their interest. The uncertainty of the eventual winner creates acclimate of drama which fuels involvement on the part of fans. The more competitive the match-ups are, meaning the more uncertain the outcome, the more fans become interested in these matches and thus television viewer-ship and stadium attendance rises. The source of this interest is a result of these events and matches being limited by a defined period of time in which the ‘outcome’ takes place. In the world of business one measures winning and losing or in most cases their progress based to some degree upon what they earn or the promotions they receive. The time period and outcomes are less defined, as well as in most cases blurred in terms of what aspects or inputs resulted in said outcome. This segment of a person’s life is subject to a large percentage of undefined variables, events, causes, actions, reactions and so on, all of which tend to blur the factors which led to the outcome. And this also carries over to one’s personal life as well where the outcomes to varied events, such as marriage –children – a new home and more, are mostly a product of long periods of time in which discussions, decisions, modifications and changes in thinking are consistently working up to it (the outcome[s]). In the preceding examples, both business and personal, the eventual outcomes are spread over time periods that can encompass days, weeks, years or even decades. The need for an outcome that fits into a time period that is easily correlated explains why movies, music, videogames and sporting events hold the interest of the general public. The definable time period means that the uncertainty concerning the outcome will be revealed within that time span thus providing satisfaction. Heightened competition increases fan interest and when this is spread over the majority of teams participating in the sporting event, fan attendance and television viewer ship will increase throughout the season. The foregoing translates into revenue from gate receipts, increased broadcast contracts as a result of advertising rates, licensing, merchandise sales, endorsements, appearances and other income streams. This paper will examine the ‘effects of broadcasting revenue† on English football clubs as well as how this revenue is distributed, its effect on operations, the reliance on this income in budgetary terms, and alternative methods to distribute these funds on a more equitable basis. Chapter 1 – Introduction As is the case with any business enterprise, professional sports exist to derive a profit from operations. And those profits come as a result of the extent which a professional team captures the imagination of its fan base in the belief that said team has the opportunity to advance in the standings and onto to the championship final. While there are all manner and degrees of fans, ranging from the fanatic tithe â€Å"I only watch when they are winning†, professional sports organizations are identified with the city they reside, the charisma of its stars, the mystic of its heritage, and its recent public image. Because all but the most die-hard fans have short memories, the rest consist of those who jump on the bandwagon for a variety of reasons. Winning sports franchise provides national publicity for the city it resides in, generates revenues for the local economy from its fan base and those of the visiting team(s). The foregoing aids the municipality in promoting its own agenda(s), such as convention facilities, tourism, attractions, and the benefits of doing business in their cosmopolitan location. A sports franchise, more apropos a ‘successful’ sport franchise, provides a locale with publicity it could not otherwise obtain to generate additional business and the corresponding tax revenues from goods and services. But, a city is more than concrete, glass skyscrapers, taxicabs, buses and municipal services; it exists and prospers as a result of its people. As such a municipality has a vested interest in seeing to the well-being, morale and vitality of its populace by providing them with clean and safe streets, parks, adequate public transportation, progressive government, an excellent educational system, and something to rally their interest. Championships in British football have garnered world renown and recognition for teams such as Manchester United, Liverpool, Arsenal and Chelsea , providing them with media exposure and coverage these locales could not afford to purchase, including public relations stories they could not manufacture. One of England’s goodwill ambassadors David Beckham , even though he now plays for Real Madrid, is a global icon that fans and non-fans of the sport recognize and identify with and his British background. However, the lustre of English Football Clubs when considered as group, as lost some of its sheen as a result of second tier teams whom have yet to see championship status, operating deficits and the lack of structure that prompts overall competitiveness. The League is suffering from the same non-competitive problems that has befallen Formula 1 where Michael Schumacher and Ferrari have put the city of Mirabella, as well as Italy, back on the map by winning five Formula 1championships in a row (2000 through 2004), and his setting what most people believe will be an unbreakable record of seven world driver’s championships (two with the Benetton-Ford team). The success of the Ferrari Formula 1 team has caused the Formula One Administration, the sport’s governing body, to implement a third round of specification modifications to attempt to make the sport more competitive in the face of Ferrari’s dominance over the past five years. This period has seen a drop in viewers as a result of the lack of competitiveness. The same fate has befallen the English Football Clubs. The allure of sporting events is the uncertainty of the outcome. This creates the atmosphere of suspense, anticipation, drama and excitement as one watches the event unfold during the designated time period that determines the winner. These same ingredients are the backbone of all entertainment venues, be it the movies, music, a ride in an amusement park, or a television show, the elements are built upon these basic foundations (suspense, anticipation, drama and excitement). We are entertained as we are able to keep pace with the developments in a timeframe that does not bore us. This is why most entertainment venues, such as sports and movies, are approximately between two to three hours. As sporting events pit competitors directly against one another in a known format of rules and regulations, one simply has to watch and observe the nuances leading to the eventual outcome. The simplicity is the basis for its sophistication. Education, upbringing, language, social standing, and other factors are lost in the heat of battle. Sports provide a framework where nothing matters except the outcome and thus it is one of the ultimate forms of escape, relaxation and entertainment, hence the popularity of sports in all its forms. And in order to produce a winning Club, management must have star athletes. Not just the Dave Beckham’s, but also an exceptional supporting cast as well to see them through the many competitive battles that are a part of a season long campaign. Chapter 2 – The English Football Clubs Founded as the English Football League in 1888 by Scotsman William McGregor, the ‘League’ actually had been in competing since 1872 as tea Cup encompassed Scottish as well as English Clubs. Mar. McGregor was astute enough to see that the game needed to be formalized in terms of rules and regulations to provide a structure for the nonprofessional comprising the sport at that time. He also understood that formulating method to generate income for the Clubs that would provide the foundation to compensate the players. Acting in a role that in today’s terms would be equated to being a commissioner, Mar. McGregor’s vision culminated in the League starting with twelve Clubs with Preston North End becoming the first championship team . The League’s popularity resulted in a Second Division being formed in 1892. During the four years from the League’s formation additional teams were added with three different teams winning the FA Cup. The Blackburn Rovers took the championship title in 1890 and 1891. The League’s popularity with fans was evidenced by its growth from the initial twelve (12) teams to a total of forty-two (42) Clubs and three(3) divisions by 1922. Competitive balance in the League was shown over the twenty-six (26) years from 1893 to 1922 as no Club repeated as a back-to-back League champion during that time span. Aston Villa won the title four times (1895, 1897, 1905 and 1913), Sheffield United prevailed in three (3) championships, and just two (2) other clubs won twice, the Wolverhampton Wanders and Tottenham Hotspur. Fifteen (15)other Clubs from the League’s total of forty-two (42) took the FA Cup once. The preceding meant that nineteen Clubs out of the total of forty-two (42) won championships or 45%. The preceding parity fueledfurther expansion and the League grew to ninety-two (92) Clubs by1950. The competitiveness within the League was the source of fan popularity as two (2) Clubs, the Bolton Wanderers and Arsenal captured the League title three (3) times, with Newcastle United taking home the crown twice. In the twenty-two (22) years between 1923 and 1950fourteen (14) other Clubs won the FA Cup once again showing parity in the League. Between 1951 and 1989 fan support and interest in the League continued to grow as competitiveness kept pace with expansion, and the new Clubs as well as those that had been in the League for some time. This thirty-seven (37) year period saw the following multiple championships; CLUB NUMBER OF FA CUPS Tottenham Hotspur 5 Manchester United 4 Newcastle United 3 West Ham United 3 Liverpool 3 Arsenal 2 Manchester City 2 Fifteen Clubs won singular titles during this period and the League was enjoying unprecedented popularity. One of the key reasons for the appeal of the sport during the periods indicated is â€Å"competitive balance†. When there is uncertainty on the part of fans as to which team will prevail during the regular season match-ups, this sparks heightened fan interest in each contest. The outcome from matches in which their teams play is also affected by how key competitors play in their match-ups with other teams which also affect the standings. This uncertainty means that fans will tune into or attend more regular season matches, and not just those where their particular team is playing a potential contender, but those matches where their team is playing just about anyone. The preceding is true because when there is competitive balance no team is really out of the championship running, and most certainly not out of any match. Parity makes almost each and every game important in terms of the standings and a team’s rankings toward the championship game. The foregoing means increased gate receipts at stadiums and higher advertising rates as well as merchandise and ancillary revenues. Even with the fairly balanced championship appearances a number of clubs have not been able to compete at the top tier level thus eroding the interest of their fans as these Clubs are seemingly ‘cannon fodder ‘with nothing to play for as the stronger teams keep them relegated tithe mid or bottom tiers. The play-off system, which was introduced at the end of the 1986-87 campaign helped to provide more teams with something to shot for. However, with the twenty (20) of the strongest teams leaving in 1992 and forming the new Premier League this left seventy-two (72) Clubs split evenly in three (3) divisions, but the competitive factor was on a lower level. In the twelve (12) years since the breakaway the Premier League is suffering from dominance by a few teams, rather than the hoped for closer competitive balance. A. Parity The formation of the Premier League has placed those Clubs in the position of reaping higher revenues as a result of their being in the â€Å"class† league representing the best teams. One of the offshoots of its formation was it siphoned off fans from other lesser teams by creating secondary ‘favourite’ team even though a particular Premier League Club might not be located in their city. Fans are known to switch allegiances and adopt teams when their city or favourite is continually â€Å"out of the running†. Banking on a heightened percentage of close and meaningful games to induce increased fan interest in these matches to generate higher revenues per match was one of the underlying strategies to enrich the ‘class’ Clubs of the Premier League. And finally, simple mathematics in that fewer Clubs negotiating for advertising contracts means more revenue per Club. In Chapter Three we will examine the ramifications of broadcast revenue sharing, the timing of the Premier League breakaway in relationship to new technologies in television broadcasting (cable / satellite) along with subsequent developments. The breakaway strategy made sense, unfortunately the Clubs did not cooperate in bring this to further heighten fan interest by competitive balance. By cooperation, it is meant that certain teams have emerged as consistent winners, with two (2) teams dominating and another two (2)breaking in to win championships when the powerhouses faltered. Since the 1992 breakaway season the following Clubs have taken the Premier League crown: CLUB NUMBER OF FA CUPS Manchester United 4 Arsenal 4 Liverpool 2 Chelsea 2 Everton 1 The foregoing means that five (5) Clubs out of twenty (20), or 25% have owned the title in the twelve (12) years the League has been inexistence. Not exactly parity! One of the main contributing factors to the preceding is revenue. The top Clubs since 1987 have enjoyed a disproportionate increase in income as a result of their success in championship matches thus enabling them to garner sponsorships, additional revenues from merchandise sales and thus the funds to lure top-flight athletes and a supporting cast. The dominance shown by Clubs in both the Premier League and English Football League Division One has manifested itself in financial clout due as a result of the foregoing and thus the gap continues to widen. The success of the Premier League can be seen in economic terms and the explosive growth. B. Attendance Parity has a direct correlation with attendance and fan interest. The domination of the Premier League by Manchester United and Arsenal, along with the multiple championships by Tottenham Hotspur (5),Newcastle United (3), West Ham (3) and Liverpool (3) has left more than sixty present (60%) of all clubs without a title in its 116 years of existence. From 1888 through 1987 the English Football League enjoyed explosive growth that started to tail off due to the breakaway of the Premier League Clubs and their rising national and international successes, as well as domination in the English Football League by relatively small cadre of teams. Today’s media realities have aided to further widen the competitive gapes a result of cable television deals and lucrative title matches that reward the dominant Clubs with additional revenues. The revenue gap the Premier League enjoys has enabled it to garner top players to strengthen their competitive advantages and perform exceptionally well in international matches. The English Football League’s current day format of â€Å"First – Second – Third and Fourth Divisions† (introduced in1958) has helped to bring Divisional Championships to a wider spectrum of Clubs however, the top Clubs maintain a stranglehold on the FA Cup. The system does promote those Clubs from the lower divisional levels through a system of points based upon standings and finish. This format has aided in fan interest to a degree as the seventy-two (72) Club league Playoff format encompasses a large contingent of Clubs and provides multiple Divisional championships. Club and League management, cognizant of parity and attendance issues(as well as revenue, costs and wages which will be discussed in latter sections), have taken varied actions to maintain and boost attendance. One measure has been the investment in new stadium facilities. Our modern day exposure to all manner of outside stimuli and influences through television, the movies, magazines and other media has spoiled us with regard to expectations. We are consistently being provided with images of new this and new that. From residences to office buildings, furnishings, clothes, and other manifestations, we love new things! Regardless that this is an outgrowth of marketing and commerce, people have always gravitated to what is new. League Clubs, in an effort to maintain as well as renew interest in their current fan base, also recognize the need to cultivate and attract new fans to fuel growth. New stadium facilities provide a sense of excitement and assist in: 1. Pre-Stadium Public Relations The idea for a new stadium creates ‘public buzz’ when the Club announces it is either considering or planning a new facility. The media coverage concerning all manner of stadium questions and concerns over the need for a new structure, its location, how it will impact upon the local economy and environment, how it will be financed, the design, cost and associated aspects creates months of media coverage. In the back rooms management creates strategies and plans to garner support and financing, and this enweaves like a long movie in the press. 2. On-going Media Coverage Regardless of whether the new stadium is truly needed or not, opposition voices help to provide additional media articles, other sides to the issue and comment. The Hollywood adage that there is no such thing as bad publicity still holds true. The Club is in front of its public! 3. Fan Interest It is difficult to conceive of a fan that does not secretly long to attend a match in a new stadium. Advances in today’s building techniques, materials, technological innovations such as giant screens, computer enhancements and designs all serve to fuel inner fires. Attending a match is entertainment, and who among us does not like to visit the newest movie theatre, test drive a new car, look at new homes, and window shop for clothes! Whether for or against, the proposal of a new stadium excites imaginations. 4. Attraction New facilities create attraction for fans and non-fans to visit the new stadium to examine and enjoy is accoutrements, even if it is only to drive by and experience it first-hand. New concessions, seats, viewing angles, scoreboards and big screen replays, help to induce fans to attend and come back to enjoy the facility, as well as to see and be seen. 5. Player Inducement Like it or not, soccer players tend to be spoiled prima donnas! In their defines, it does take a special type of personality as well as mindset to be a professional athlete and face the accolades along with public criticisms that accompany the glory. Identifying raw new talent for the League is a science of hit and miss, so most Clubs stock their teams by obtaining proven performers at the commensurate cost. The size of the contract offer is of course the primary inducement, but the type and newness of facilities does not hurt negotiations. The factors that aid in securing talent are as varied as the players themselves, thus those Clubs that are successful try to account for as many of these variables as possible. 6. External Media Influence The prospect of, as well as newly built facilities receive extensive media coverage in rival cities, sparking the question â€Å"why not us†, along with promoting the Club’s name. Fans from opposing teams tend to visit the stadium when their teams match up where in the past this might not have been a consideration. The allure of new stadium has been manifest by the number of Clubs that have completed or are starting new facilities and/or upgrading existing ones to address the appeal of this area. Interestingly this is being done in spite of the financial difficulties faced by most teams. The2001 / 2002 season saw a 12 million GBP increase in stadium investment over 2000 / 2001 (GBP 47 million and GBP 35 million respectively) Over the course of the previous ten (10) years this figure is in excess fob 400 million. The popularity of both Leagues are reflected in attendance figures, aided by cable television sparking match interest which approximated 27.8 million representing the highest level in thirty (30) years. More importantly English League figures have showman 8.5% increase over the 2000 / 20001 season and has increased 35%since the 1992 Premier League formation. The Premier League is still setting records, with attendance increases for the sixth consecutive campaign, and an average of 34,324 fans coming to matches, a rise of1,500 over 2000 / 20001. As one would imagine the First Division of the English Football League lead other Divisions in average stadium capacity recording 68% as compared against 47% for the Second Division and 42% for the Third Division. In spite of this 12 million seats remained empty. Cup attendance continued its upward trend by 12.2%. C. Operating Costs Increased attendance and additional television revenues are League bright spots (both the English and Premier), even in the face of a lack of parity. The costs of competing, however is another matter. To remain competitive or become competitive is the number one objective, and whenever too much demand chases after a limited number of players, the laws of supply and demand escalate. The major expense item negating operating profits is player salaries. During the 2000 / 2001 season twenty-seven (27) Clubs recorded Balance Sheets showing a negative. Seventeen (17) Clubs filed reports showing operating insolvency during2003 / 2003 as a result of escalating wage costs. The competition for star players to create match day impacts and bolster attendance has proven to be a defeating proposition that the League has addressed by new regulations which limits Clubs to spend no more than 75% of their total revenues in this area. Spiralling wage costs received a huge dose of sanity when the League’s TV Digital deal failed. These revenues were providing the Clubs with the needed extra budgetary room to close the gap between the League and the Premier Clubs. This development along with insolvency issues helped to bring about the wage cap (75%) modification to enable Clubs to get a grip on fiscal matters. With no new deals of the same financial magnitude to replace this lost revenue, the League consensus is that broadcast funds will remain flat, for now. And the damage, in terms of this lost revenue affects the lower ranked Clubs more as a result of their limited gate, merchandising and sponsorship opportunities, and Isa huge blow to financial stability. In addition, the lower ranking Divisions will have difficulties in appealing to advertisers thus further widening the revenue disparity. The pressure on the League and its Clubs to generate additional revenues is further exacerbated by the continued success of the Premier League in generating increased revenues, as well as the ability of its Clubs to obtain additional talent. And with the high wage costs for players in the Premier League, the added revenues from their cable deals a boon in aiding costs. Chapter 3 – Revenues Individual Club revenue is primarily generated from broadcasting, gate receipts and sponsorship / merchandising agreements. The differences in incomes as negotiated by the top level Clubs in relationship to lower level teams, even in the face of the new wage cap arrangement, will essentially not do anything to change the huge revenue gaps. The English Football League Division 1 Clubs in order to compete with the clout and financial muscle of the Premier League need to significantly increase their revenue streams on a League and Club basis in order to make some inroads on their dominance. The financial gulf between the Second, Third and Fourth Divisions is considerably larger concerning their respective abilities to improve upon this situation in view of their less marketable product. Marketability in this sense means the image the Clubs have cultivated and have with the general public in terms of viewer interest in seeing them perform. This translates into higher gate receipts and audience interest in televised games. Demand for stadium seats permits a Club to charge higher ticket prices as well as obtain in stadium banner advertising. The overall heightened public awareness, interest and television audiences also mean higher name recognition and thus puts an additional premium on merchandise sales and licensing deals. And while the general public rarely thinks about the commercial side of the product, the Leagues, Clubs, advertisers, sponsors, broadcast networks and financial backers do! Television is a mass medium that provides tremendous opportunities to reach the public and influence their thinking, as well as loyalties. The marketing of a Club goes beyond short term thinking, it follows the same pattern as all other marketing. Advertisers, which in a sense is what a Club does every match it plays, seek to influence the loyalty, behaviour and interest of all age groups. This includes those that are future customers – children and teenagers. How many times have you seen the latest craze among these groups wear the gear of losing teams! Certainly there are those that do, but, historically, these age groups are more concerned with associating with winners. The family tradition of supporting the hometown team is a product of past eras. The winning teams of today are marketing to the customers of tomorrow, as well as those of the present through winning, exposure, merchandising, television broadcast time, media buzz and appeal of star players along with the overall success of its operations. Just like in any other industry, be it vehicles, clothes, airlines, or a restaurant, the reputation for consistent quality over the long haul wins future customers. Not everyone can afford a Rolls but almost everyone would like one. A survey conducted by Silverman concerning ticket prices reveals that just 18% of the Clubs in Division 1 believe ticket revenue will increase to any appreciable degree over the coming two seasons. The optimism of Division 2 and 3 Clubs is more subdued as only 15% and 8%,respectively, take this view concerning gate prices. On average, attendance has run lower than Club projections with the continued success and dominance of the Premier League not contributing to help this area. Ticket sales in ‘that other League’ have continued to rise six seasons in a row even in the face of higher prices and reduced competitiveness. The lower level teams in the Premier League have also increased prices, but in their cases this strategy has resulted in either stagnant or lower attendance numbers. A. Broadcast Revenue The origin of the English Football League’s formation in 1888 was based upon organizing amateur Clubs that had been formed by voluntary associations, and local neighbourhood organizations as well as churches and companies, so that matches could be arranged. The rules varied and the sport was in the ‘rough and tumble’ mode whereby violent play was commonplace. Clubs such as Manchester United, West Ham and a few ot