Horse Slaughter - Argumentative Paper - 1527 Words

Horse Slaughter The topic of horse slaughter doesn’t usually come up very often in everyday conversation. Horse slaughter is more of an implicit subject, which your everyday person doesn’t know much about. Because it is highly controversial, it has gone through the cycle of being banded and then reinstated twice in the last 5 years. With being involved in the horse industry my entire life, I have witnessed the effects first hand. Some people see it as killing pets, animal cruelty, and morally wrong. However, I see it as a source of income, a way to stop the starvation and abuse of horses, an export industry for the United States, as well as a quality meal for in times of despair. The history of people eating horse meat dates back to†¦show more content†¦During the 1930’s low supply and high cost of pork and beef made horse meat rise in popularity. Again during World War II, people were again in the same predicament. Inflation during the early 1970’s raised the c ost of traditional meats; Time Magazine reported from Carlson’s, a butcher shop in Westbrook, CT, that they were selling over 6,000 pounds of horse meat a day. (Weil) In 2006, the House of Representatives voted to end horse slaughter; the bill passed to make the killing and selling American horses for human consumption an illegal practice in the United States. Today in the US, people do not consume horse meat on a whole sale basis. But because many other counties do, the exporting of horse meat is a huge industry. When the ban was in place, US horses were being transported to Canada and Mexico to be slaughtered instead. From 2006 to 2010 the increase in horses being exported to Canada and Mexico was 148 and 660 percent. They are loaded up on trailers and shipped across the boarders, often times going days without food or water until they reach their destination. The regulations, or lack thereof, are different than in the US. (Shesgreen) Valley Meat Co. owner Rick De Los Santos brings up valid points in his interview with NBC News last week. The majority of people, who are against slaughter, are getting caught up on the â€Å"ick† factor of killing our â€Å"pets†. However, the process is the exact same for cows and pigs.

Eastman Kodak Company †Funtime Film Free Essays

From: Pavels Kuznecovs To: Inese Eglite RBS Professor, Marketing Management Riga, 22nd of October, 2009 Case Study 4 Summary: Eastman Kodak Company – Funtime Film Question: Is Kodak doing the right thing with the decision to have line extension: Gold Plus, Royal Gold and Funtime? If we consider protection and growth of Kodak’s total market share to be the key objective then the introduction of a new brand in the Economy price-tier is a strategic MUST. It is crucial to be presented in the Economy tier which is fastest growing, and represents a segment with the biggest competitors. The key objective for Funtime is to maximize gain of incremental market share from Fujicolor Super G, Konica Super SR and ScotchColor, at the same time to minimize cannibalization of Kodak Gold Plus, the biggest volume source of Kodak. We will write a custom essay sample on Eastman Kodak Company – Funtime Film or any similar topic only for you Order Now Pricing strategy of Funtime is fundamentally correct, as it is competitive vs. main players in the Economy tier and is low enough to differentiate vs. Gold Plus. However, it must be clear that the price per pack should be compared. As mentioned in the case, Funtime is planned to be sold only in multi-packs of 2 and 4 rolls.In this case an additional discount per pack is necessary, in order to offer an additional value. I suggest 10% and 15% discounts respectively. Overall, I believe that multipack strategy is a very good step to boost product loyalty: for instance, a pack of 4 rolls is almost a yearly supply for 20% of consumers, thus preventing any competitive switching within 1 year. Branding of Funtime represents a big challenge. On one hand, introduction of a new brand-name which is not a line extension of Kodak is a right decision, as it is an opportunity to minimize cannibalization of Kodak Gold Plus.Also, it shall not deteriorate the premium brand image of Kodak with a reference to a lower-price product. On the other hand Funtime is a completely new name, and shall not have any leverage opportunity with Kodak brand. Plus, it is virtually impossible to build brand awareness without any advertizing support, therefore my suggestion is to revise Funtime advertising strategy and dedicate up to 20% of total Kodak advertizing budget to Funtime. Seasonality and availability in limited quantities.I criticize this decision, as I strongly believe that in order to be competitive in the Economy tier, Funtime needs to be available on the on-going basis as a regular product. Other elements of Funtime marketing strategy look quite logical and justified: ISO 100 and 200 and all-trade distribution. Profit margin implications, Funtime. The only fair assumption we can develop from the case datum is that Funtime shall source volume from competition and Kodak Gold Plus in line with the current market shares, i. . 30% of Funtime sales shall come from competition, and 70% from Kodak products. In this case, Kodak gains some incremental market share points, while it loses on profit significantly. Rebranding of Kodak Ektar to Royal Gold. I believe that the pricing strategy needs a major revision, as it might lead to margin deterioration: – Price sensitivity of a Superpemium consumer is low, which is a general rule for most of consumer products.Therefore, I do not think that a price reduction to ind. 109 vs. Premium is going to bring incremental volume from Fujicolor Reala. We can even assume a negative consumer perception of Kodak’s super-premium product quality, i. e. Royal Gold to be perceived as a lower-quality product vs. the discontinued Ektar. – From the rest of FMCG categories we can see that there is at least 15% price gap in order to differentiate among price-tiers. In case of Royal Gold it is 9%, which is not enough.Since Kodak’s conducted consumer surveys show that in total 90% are Kodak-loyal or Kodak-positive, we can assume that most of Royal Gold consumers shall switch to Kodak Gold Plus, which obviously is a negative profit-impact upon Kodak’s portfolio. To conclude, Kodak’s new line extension strategy is necessary to preserve the market leadership, while unavoidably shall lead to profit-margin decline, pending some negative margin issues can be solved (Royal Gold). Overall, I think that a 70% profit margin for a 70% brand is not sustainable in the long-term, as we speak about a highly competitive and price-driven product category. How to cite Eastman Kodak Company – Funtime Film, Essays

Industry Practicum in Accounting

Question: Discuss about the Industry Practicum in Accounting. Answer: Introduction: As per my study schedule in accounting curriculum, I was assigned with the internship program to suffice the need of practicum program in a Modern Brick Industry in India as an intern in the fields of accounting. My practicum will include areas like payroll management, book keeping along with cultivation of management skills related to accounting. This entity is mainly engaged in brick manufacturing and the organization is operating in the state of Punjab. Legal status of the entity is private limited company by liability of the shareholders. This assignment had been given to me with the arrangement by my Institute and the company through their educational exchange program endorsed by the Government of India and the Institute. This assignment will open a new dimension of probable employment for me. This practicum program will require to be completed by me covering 80 hours of program. I have to learn the system of accounting of this brick factory related to accounting with special em phasis on book keeping, payroll management and teach necessary management skills related to accounting practiced in this industry. The assignment was fixed for 80 hours and was expected to start from 1st November 2016 and scheduled to be ended on 11th November, 2016. The basic distribution of 80 hours was fixed as 8 hours a day for 10 consecutive days. This internship program will benefit me through gathering of experience by practical working in the industry. It will also add value to my knowledge and experience related to different statutory compliance in respective areas of said expertise which will enable me to get a job after successful completion of my course. Practicum Program: As per arraignment, I have reached the brick factory on 1st November, 2016. Mr. Chawla, Senior Manager Accounts of the company had welcomed me and took me to the accounts department. Mr. Singh, Assistant Manager Accounts was my immediate supervisor. After the official introduction, I was given with the program of 80 hours of internship with the detail of schedule and expected hours to be spent in different accounting activities. I am appending below the details of practicum program taken care by me with different area of operations to be learnt by me. Journal Report of my Practicum Program with notes:- Period: 15th November 2016 to 5th December, 2016- 18 days (except Sundays) Total Practicum Hours- 82 Hours Date Comments / Meetings / Activities Time spent 15th November, 2016 Official Introduction, Orientation of the job of Payroll Management, to make familiar with the accounting software, to understand the nature of employment, to find the historical data of payroll process, to understand the same, and to find statutory compliance related to annuity and health insurance offered by the company for the employees 5 hours 16th November,2016 Continued previous training -Do- 17th November, 2016 To have hands on experience on payroll processing, to find the practice of payroll, practical execution of payroll process -Do- 18th November, 2016 Continued previous training -Do- 19th November, 20`16 Preparation of final salary computation for staffs as per the attendance register of last month, payment process- through bank/cash, segregation of employees- Management staff, clerical staff and contracted labour. -Do- 21st November, 2016 Continued previous training -Do- 22nd November, 2016 Book Keeping- introduction, feedback of accounting system followed by the company- Accounting Software Tally ERP 9 multi user- Balance Sheet-division of assets and liabilities, Profit and Loss Account-purchase account, sales account, expenses account, Consolidation of accounts, Trial Balance, balance sheet and profit and loss A/c preparation -Do- 23rd November, 2016 Book Keeping- entering different financial information into accounting software, studying impact of those entries in the accounts, understanding of derivation of gross profit and net profit, tax implication, finalisation of accounts. -Do- 24th November, 2016 Continued previous training -Do- 25th November, 2016 Continued previous training -Do- 26th November, 2016 Hands on experience of accounting in the software- vouchers, journals, cash book, bank book, income tax deducted at source, receivables, payables, valuation of inventories 4 hours 28th November, 2016 Continued previous training -Do- 29th November, 2016 Accounting management skills, Management of different accounting heads in the finalisation of accounts, arriving at the trading and profit and loss account, basic structure of balance sheet, basis of derivation of inventories by value and volume, inventory management -Do- 30th November, 2016 Continued previous training -Do- 1st December, 2016 To manage accounts as per the guideline fixed by the company, understand the Triple Bottom Line exercise by the company Profit, People and Planet- emphasizing on economic, social and environmental practices of the company to ensure sustainability -Do- 2nd December, 2016 Continued previous training -Do- 3rd December,2016 Continued previous training -Do- 5th December, 2016 To wrap up my practicum experience of internship program with Modern Brick Industry in Punjab, India, a meeting with Mr. Chawla and Mr. Singh had been held on 11.11.2016 afternoon with the concluded assignment. Acknowledgment from them is received with certificate and appreciation related to my efforts and ability to learn. Moreover they have offered me for future employment, if I am willing to join their company as Accounts Executive. -Do- Notes: Payroll management is to understand proper calculation of salary and wages for employees. Break up of salary is made with basic salary, house rent allowance, city compensatory allowance and other allowances as applicable for different level of employees. Salary is payable in Indian Currency INR. Deduction from salary includes annuity as known in India as Provident Fund, run by the Trustee Board. This facility is availed by the employees through contributory, both by the employees and employer. Employee contribution is 12% on basic salary while employer contribution is 3.67% towards employee account and 8.33% on family pension account. Health insurance is mandatory for employees with gross salary not over 16,000 INR. Employees contribution is 1.75% of gross salary while employers contribution is 4.75%.Professional Tax is deducted at source. Income tax is deducted at source for employees whose earning is more than 250,000 INR per year subject to certain conditions of eligible deduction s (Empxtrack, 2014). Book Keeping is maintained in double entry system. Important financial reports considered for accounts are general ledger, trial balance, trading account, profit and loss account, and balance sheet. Accounting package Tally ERP 9 is good software which can take care of Accounting Information System based on the respective entries made in the system. Derivation of gross profit is done with consideration of purchase of raw materials, direct costs like wages, other fixed overhead costs and revenue. To arrive at Net Profit before tax, different operational expenses are to be deducted from gross profit. Net profit such generated are subject to corporate tax @ 30% as prevailing in India (Accountingtools, 2012). Accounting management skills covers the management of financial information and arrange them in such manner that it will be easy to understand and follow. I have also observed that Triple Bottom Line exercise is followed by the company to ensure economic, social and environmental objectives of the company to ensure long term sustainability for future period. To Do: I have to understand pay roll management to arrive at the net payable salary of human resources. For contracted labor, I have to calculate the man hour multiplied by hourly rate of labor as per attendance sheet generated though automated card punching system. Amount is to be paid to the contractor after deduction of necessary elements like health insurance costs and others as applicable with the addition of service tax as featured in their claims. For salary computation of company employee, I have to understand the formalities of deductions under different heads like Provident Fund, Health Insurance under government scheme of Employees State Insurance Act. For book keeping purpose, I have to clearly distinguish different accounts with their heading and sub-headings as per nature. Moreover, proper treatment of expense is to be booked in the accounts to derive proper financial profit or loss such generated from the system. I have to understand more elaborately different accounting management skills, with clear concept of Triple Bottom Line activities to ensure sustainability in the fields of economic, social and environmental activities by the organization Reflection: Reflection of salary computation system is acquired by me through the process of payroll management. Moreover reflection of statutory compliance related to payroll management is also enriched my experience of how the treatment of those are done with the basic objectives of employees benefit, and how they will be able to get financial benefit out of it in long term or short term. Reflection of knowledge has added value in the fields of accounting management with special emphasis on payroll management with statutory compliance, management skill in regard to accounting with basic book keeping, knowledge of accounting software Tally ERP 9, enhancement of management skill in accounting with special emphasis on the TBL concept. Last five days had added value to my work experience through practical knowledge of handling accounts with hardcore practice of entering the financial data in the accounting package and instantly understand their implication in the books of accounts of the company with special emphasis on different financial information-how they are generated, what outcome they produce and how they are being treated in finalization of accounts with impact on assets, liabilities and equity. Synopsis of Practicum Program: Major problems faced by me- During the practicum program, I have faced problems related to salary structure with statutory compliance. Mistakes made by me- During entering vouchers in Tally ERP9, I have made mistakes like choosing of right account for recording financial information. My strengths- My ability to learn with adoption of new concepts of salary computation and book keeping, with development of management skills in the domain of company accounting. Most beneficial information- The trend of accounting in Brick Industry of India with knowledge of payroll management, bookkeeping and development of management skills to serve the company with enriched MIS. My dream job- I would like to start in a company from the level of junior executive to reach the post of CFO in the accounting and finance domain. Final Report: Preface: As per schedule I have completed my practicum program with the Modern Brick Industry of Punjab, India. The arrangements had been made by my institution where I have completed by curriculum of accounts. The program has two objectives for me- to get acquainted with present accounting practices in business environment, to enhance my scope of employment through this experience. It is to be mentioned that the practicum program is extensive with continuity of 80 hours and had been scheduled from 1st November 2016 and ended on 11 the November, 2016. The division of my practicum program is for 10 days with 8 hours of work every day. Through this practicum program, I have learnt so many practical approaches of accounting jobs which was not known to me during my theoretical studies in the classroom. Learning Outcome: Being a student of accounting, I have already known the basic accounting approaches through my classroom teachings. The need of the moment was practical training for me for which I was assigned with the program as scheduled by my institute with brick industry of India. The company which was chosen for this purpose was from the state of Punjab, India. After completion of successful practicum program with that company for 80 hours, I was enriched with practical experience which endorsed the learning outcome as follows: Payroll management- This area was not taught in the classroom in detail. I came across with this assignment with one of the main issues of payroll management as practiced in India. The basic structure of payroll is same all over the world. The employer takes care of the employees by paying for their skills they offer to the company. But the critical analysis of practical approach of payroll management of the brick industry had given me wide exposure about this field. I came to know how the salary structure is being made for the employees, what are the basic criteria of fixing the salary package, how the salary is being calculated, what are the basic deductions made while calculating salary for the employees, the nature of deductions with its implications and effect for the employees and others, statutory compliance related to salary calculation and disbursement, mode of payment of salary and subsequent accounting of payroll. As it is a manufacturing unit, the role of wages for labors is also taught to me. The labors are mainly contractual in nature with the outsourcing made for the company from outside vendors. Consolidated payment is being made to the vendors with statutory deductions to be made for this purpose to abide by the government laws and acts (Easyhrworld, 2016). Book keeping- This is another area in which I had practicum experience through my internship program. The basic accounting theory is being endorsed by the practical experience related to this subject. The basic distinction of different accounting heads are being taught to me with their implications. Financial information and their respective treatment in the accounting system had been explored by me while learning the same through practical experience. The company is maintaining their accounts in the popular software named Tally ERP 9 with multi user web based version. The software is user friendly and is equipped with the basic features of accounting maintenance. Through my practicum program, I have experienced the treatment of different accounting heads and how they are to be treated to make a perfect trial balance which is essential for different finalization method like trading account to derive gross profit, profit and loss account to derive net profit before tax and balance she et to derive net worth of the company (Reviso, 2016). Management skills- Through this practicum program I am enriched with different features of accounting management like funding, working capital analysis, management accounting ratios with their way of derivation and their impact on the management of the company. I had also come across the implementation of latest concept of Triple Bottom Line management by the company for future sustainability in the fields of economic, social and environmental aspects. Self Realization: Through this program I am well equipped with the practical application of accounting in any industry with specialized effect on payroll management, book-keeping and management skills related to corporate accounting. Accounting in theoretical aspect is not matching with practical outcome, however basic knowledge is same. On this foundation, the concept of accounting system is established. It is often found that practical requirement for the job needs instant decision making which is basic requirement of management. Through this practicum program of 80 hours, I have gone through the practical accounting system of the company which had given me enough experience to prove myself a successful employee for any organization in the specific field of accounting. References: Accountingtools, 2012. What is the difference between accounting and bookkeeping? [Online] Available at: https://www.accountingtools.com/questions-and-answers/what-is-the-difference-between-accounting-and-bookkeeping.html [Accessed 19 January 2017]. Easyhrworld, 2016. Payroll Management. [Online] Available at: https://www.easyhrworld.com/features/payroll-management/ [Accessed 19 January 2017]. Empxtrack, 2014. What Is Payroll And How Payroll Calculations Are Done? [Online] Available at: https://empxtrack.com/blog/what-is-payroll-and-how-payroll-calculations-are-done/ [Accessed 19 January 2017]. Reviso, 2016. What is Bookkeeping? [Online] Available at: https://www.reviso.com/accountingsoftware/accounting-words/bookkeeping [Accessed 19 january 2017].

Scarlet Letter Influences Essays - Film, Cinema Of The United States

Scarlet Letter Influences Nathaniel Hawthorne's background influenced him to write the bold novel The Scarlet Letter. One important influence on the story is money. Hawthorne had never made much money as an author and the birth of his first daughter added to the financial burden ("Biographical Note" VII). He received a job at the Salem Custom House only to lose it three years later and be forced to write again to support his family (IX). Consequently, The Scarlet Letter was published a year later (IX). It was only intended to be a long short story, but the extra money a novel would bring in was needed ("Introduction" XVI). Hawthorne then wrote an introduction section titled "The Custom House" to extend the length of the book and The Scarlet Letter became a full novel (XVI). In addition to financial worries, another influence on the story is Hawthorne's rejection of his ancestors. His forefathers were strict Puritans, and John Hathorne, his great-great-grandfather, was a judge presiding during the S! alem witch trials ("Biographical Note" VII). Hawthorne did not condone their acts and actually spent a great deal of his life renouncing the Puritans in general (VII). Similarly, The Scarlet Letter was a literal "soapbox" for Hawthorne to convey to the world that the majority of Puritans were strict and unfeeling. For example, before Hester emerges from the prison she is being scorned by a group of women who feel that she deserves a larger punishment than she actually receives. Instead of only being made to stand on the scaffold and wear the scarlet letter on her chest, they suggest that she have it branded on her forehead or even be put to death (Hawthorne 51). Perhaps the most important influence on the story is the author's interest in the "dark side" ("Introduction" VIII). Unlike the transcendentalists of the era, Hawthorne "confronted reality, rather than evading it" (VII). Likewise, The Scarlet Letter deals with adultery, a subject that caused much scandal when it w! as first published (XV). The book revolves around sin and punishment, a far outcry from writers of the time, such as Emerson and Thoreau, who dwelt on optimistic themes (VII). This background, together with a believable plot, convincing characterization, and important literary devices enables Nathaniel Hawthorne in The Scarlet Letter to the develop the theme of the heart as a prison. The scaffold scenes are the most substantial situations in the story because they unify The Scarlet Letter in two influential ways. First of all, every scaffold scene reunites the main characters of the novel. In the first scene, everyone in the town is gathered in the market place because Hester is being questioned about the identity of the father of her child ( Hawthorne 52). In her arms is the product of her sin, Pearl, a three month old baby who is experiencing life outside the prison for the first time (53). Dimmesdale is standing beside the scaffold because he is Hester's pastor and it is his job to convince her to repent and reveal the father's name (65). A short time later, Chillingworth unexpectedly shows up within the crowd of people who are watching Hester after he is released from his two year captivity by the Indians (61). In the second scene, Dimmesdale is standing on top of the scaffold alone in the middle of the night (152). He sees Hester and Pearl walk through the market place on their way back from Governor Winthrop's bedside (157). When Dimmesdale recognizes them and tells them to join him, they walk up the steps to stand by his side (158). Chillingworth appears later standing beside the scaffold, staring at Dimmesdale, Hester, and Pearl. In the final scaffold scene, Dimmesdale walks to the steps of the scaffold in front of the whole town after his Election day sermon (263). He tells Hester and Pearl to join him yet again on the scaffold (264). Chillingworth then runs through the crowd and tries to stop Dimmesdale from reaching the top of the scaffold, the one place where he can't reach him (265). Another way in which the scenes are united is how each illustrates the immediate, delayed, and prolonged effects that the sin of adultery has on the main characters. The first scene shows Hester being publicly punished on the scaffold (52). She is being forced to stand on it for three hours straight and listen to peop! le talk about her as a disgrace and a shame to the community (55). Dimmesdale's instantaneous response to the sin is to lie. He

Free Essays on Reconstruction

â€Å"Reconstruction: An Unfinished Revolution† Events that have occurred through out history can usually be traced by the writings, theories, and research of that time; what is commonly considered â€Å"Historical facts†. In spite of this dominant idea that the interpretations of those events are factual, Histories interpretations involve both change and progression. As time progresses societies ideas change with it and the interpretations of certain events in history usually evolve with that passing time. This idea that histories interpretation are susceptible to change is seen in the changing attitude towards Americas post Civil War Reconstruction as Eric Foner points out in his essay â€Å" The New View of Reconstruction†. â€Å"In the past twenty years, no period of American history has been the subject of a more thoroughgoing reevaluation than reconstruction- the violent, dramatic, and still controversial era following the Civil War. Race relations, politics, social life, and economic change during reconstruction have all been reinterpreted in the light of changed attitudes toward the place of blacks within American society. If historians have not yet forged a fully satisfying portrait of reconstruction as a whole, the traditional interpretation that dominated historical writing for much of this century has irrevocably been laid to rest†(p. 8) Interpretations of history are subject to changes as new information is revealed, different ideas are heard, and as new interpretations are introduced. Eric Foner demonstrates the changing views on Reconstruction by introducing modern and traditional interpretations of Reconstruction. â€Å"Anyone who attended high school before 1960 learned that Reconstruction was a era of unrelieved sordidness in American political and social life.† The outlook on reconstruction during this time was that the â€Å"ignorant and child like freedmen†¦ were incapable of properly... Free Essays on Reconstruction Free Essays on Reconstruction â€Å"Reconstruction: An Unfinished Revolution† Events that have occurred through out history can usually be traced by the writings, theories, and research of that time; what is commonly considered â€Å"Historical facts†. In spite of this dominant idea that the interpretations of those events are factual, Histories interpretations involve both change and progression. As time progresses societies ideas change with it and the interpretations of certain events in history usually evolve with that passing time. This idea that histories interpretation are susceptible to change is seen in the changing attitude towards Americas post Civil War Reconstruction as Eric Foner points out in his essay â€Å" The New View of Reconstruction†. â€Å"In the past twenty years, no period of American history has been the subject of a more thoroughgoing reevaluation than reconstruction- the violent, dramatic, and still controversial era following the Civil War. Race relations, politics, social life, and economic change during reconstruction have all been reinterpreted in the light of changed attitudes toward the place of blacks within American society. If historians have not yet forged a fully satisfying portrait of reconstruction as a whole, the traditional interpretation that dominated historical writing for much of this century has irrevocably been laid to rest†(p. 8) Interpretations of history are subject to changes as new information is revealed, different ideas are heard, and as new interpretations are introduced. Eric Foner demonstrates the changing views on Reconstruction by introducing modern and traditional interpretations of Reconstruction. â€Å"Anyone who attended high school before 1960 learned that Reconstruction was a era of unrelieved sordidness in American political and social life.† The outlook on reconstruction during this time was that the â€Å"ignorant and child like freedmen†¦ were incapable of properly...

A Transcultural

As the world’s multi-cultural population increases, the significance of transcultural nursing in healthcare is strongly evident. Health care professionals are challenged by the need to understand the various cultural factors that influence a person’s response to health and illness and must develop attitudes and skills that will help them behave in culturally appropriate ways (Walsh DeJoseph, 2003). Transcultural nursing works as a formal education that equips nurses and other healthcare providers the knowledge regarding beliefs, values, and practices of different cultures in the society with the goal to produce a culturally competent practitioner, therefore, achieving patient satisfaction and positive outcomes (Leininger, 1999). The foundations for transcultural nursing had started with the purpose of compensating the complexities of healthcare needs of people belonging to different culture (Glittenberg, 2004; Tortumluoglu, 2006). Hence, knowing the unique behavioural patterns and lifestyles of a specific culture enables the provider to perform culturally congruent, holistic and appropriate healthcare service (Streltzer, 2008). Campinha-Bacote’s framework of cultural competence (2002) provides a thorough and comprehensible process for healthcare professional to become culturally competent. It guides healthcare practitioners in achieving the ability to effectively work within the context of the service users from a diverse cultural- ethnic background through keying out five essential components namely, cultural awareness, cultural knowledge, cultural skills, cultural encounter and cultural desire (Campinha-Bacote, 2011). Ryan, Carlton and Ali (2000) pointed out that the five constructs are functionally interdependent and must be covered. Entailing that one will be ineffective without the others, and similarly absence of one component gets unsatisfactory consequences. Imagine a six-stringed acoustic guitar, if one string is not in tune with the others, once you play it the resulting notes and chords are out of tune making a nuisance instead of music. When an individual is aware that people are different from one another in terms of personality, attitude and behaviour, partially because of their cultural beliefs or backgrounds, that person is culturally aware (Rew, Becker, Cookston, Khosropour Martinez, 2003). Moreover, The University of Michigan School of Nursing (2000) added that awareness and examination of one’s own beliefs is also an important component of this concept to avoid prejudices and biases when working with service users. However, ethnocentrism, which is defined in Oxford English Dictionary (2003) as  a  character which assumes that ones own group or belief is superior from the others, may weaken this construct. Awareness of this attitude would help health care provider in avoiding unjust service. Say, a Christian nurse was assigned to care for a dying atheist patient. She believes that death means going to heaven or hell, while her patient may believe that death simply means ceasing to exist. Despite of these differences of beliefs, her job to provide excellent care for the patient and ensuring that his needs are met were not faltered (pricklypear, personal communication, April 08, 2006). Though, somehow findings from studies conducted by Rew et al (2003) point that conscious awareness of cultural diversity does not guarantee cultural competence. Nurses and other health care providers need a solid knowledge about a variety of populations, culture- specific phenomena (e. . , social support), and human responses to diversity to better understand their client (Meleis, 1996). In acquiring this knowledge, healthcare practitioners must concentrate on three specific issues: health-related beliefs, practices and cultural values; disease incidence and prevalence (Lavizzo-Mourey, 1996). Getting cultural knowledge about the patient’s health-related be liefs and values involves understanding their worldview which justifies how he interprets his illness and how it guides his thinking, doing, and being (Campinha- Bacote, 2002). A concrete example is of an old Filipino faith healer who never consulted any clinician to diagnose the pain sensation he feels during urination. He believed that, it was spiritual opposition who inflicted the pain. Knowledge relating to the field of bio cultural ecology is also important when addressing disease incidence and prevalence among ethnic groups, This involves having accurate epidemiological data to guide decisions about treatment and treatment programs, health education, and screening in order to attain positive health care outcomes (Campinha-Bacote, 2002). Therefore, a promising cultural competent nurse must be updated of current research studies conducted, and likewise initiating some research work himself. In incurring cultural knowledge, one should always remember that every individual is a unique blend of the variety found within each culture, an incomparable collection of life experiences, and the product of acculturation to other cultures (Capinha-Bacote, 2002). Thus, it is very vital that every health care provider develops the skill to culturally assess every client that will come to their care. This requires sensitivity and more in-depth studying of cultures and sub-cultures (Meleis, 1996). The third component of Campinha-Bacote’s model of cultural competence (2002) is cultural skill. It is the capability to carry on a cultural assessment by gathering cultural data relevant to the patient’s presenting problem, at the same time conducting a culturally-based physical assessment accurately (Tortumluoglu, 2006 Campinha-Bacote, 2011). According to the author, this construct plays a substantial part in planning nursing care for an individual. Data gathered during assessment, especially in initial screening interview serves as the basis or guide in establishing a plan of care for the client. During this crucial process the health care provider should be aware how a client’s physical, biological, and physiological changes affect his/her ability to conduct an accurate and appropriate physical evaluation. Particularly, differences in body structure, skin colour, and visible physical characteristics, (Capinha-Bacote, 2002). For instance, a well known man from a wealthy family came to an Out-Patient service, the nurse who is doing the screening was aware of the patient’s elite background, might get intimidated and may cause inaccurate assessment. Next, is cultural encounter; the process which encourages the health care provider to immerse himself to various cultural interactions with clients from culturally diverse backgrounds (Tortumluoglu, 2006). Cultural encounter may be experienced on real situation and through simulation or role playing (Shearer Davidhizar, 2003; Walsh DeJoseph, 2003). Both, aid in modifying existing beliefs about a cultural group and prevent possible stereotyping. However, the author identified one obstacle that may encounter in this process specifically during assessment stage, which involves the language barrier between the care provider and the service user. This is especially possible if both came from different country of origin. The use of formally trained interpreter is strongly recommended if this situation occurs to avoid faulty data collection (Campinha-Bacote, 2002). Finally, the fifth component of this model is cultural desire. This is the most crucial construct, since without desire, cultural awareness, knowledge, skills and encounters will not be gladly experienced. Cultural desire is a genuine passion and a commitment to become culturally competent health care provider ( Campinha-Bacote, 2003). Therefore, it is safe to say that every health care provider must be driven by cultural desire for this is the heart and soul of cultural competence. In fact, the author strongly believes that this passion and unaltered commitment must be the fundamental construct of all the transcultural nursing models. Campinha-Bacotes model embraces the experiential-phenomenological perspective. It supports the client as teacher of his culture and the clinician as learner. Furthermore, it recognises that culture is dynamic and always changing and there is more variation within a culture than among different cultures (Brathwaite, 2003). Although Campinha-Bacote’s Cultural Competent model may  have a strong track record of effectiveness (Carol, 2007; Rew et al; Tortumluoglu, 2006),   yet it is encouraged to spend time in research and evaluate the various models of transcultural nursing to determine which one is best for a particular client, organization or situation. Cultural competence recognizes the broad scope of the dimensions that influence an Individual’s personal identity. Within the behavioural health system (which addresses mental illnesses), cultural competence must be a guiding principle, so that services are culturally sensitive and culturally appropriate prevention, outreach, assessment and intervention are provided (Stanhope, Solomon, Pernell-Arnold, Sands Bourjolly, 2005) . This will be indicated in the following case. A 37 years old Irish, male, single, and a traveller from Northern Ireland was admitted for schizophrenia with retrograde amnesia in the nursing home. The client was referred by a social worker and was assessed by one of the nurses on duty. The nurse noted that patient’s posture was quite slouch and has a good bearing. He wore clean and neat clothing appropriate for the weather. He was groomed plain and simple. His hair well combed. However, his nails were untrimmed both on hands and feet. The nurse noted the lesions and skin rashes on the client’s right foot and observed that he moved slowly during ambulation. Further, there were times that he looks straight in the eyes when questioned and when he answered, he glanced on the other people around him. The client was monosyllabic in communicating and was unable to recall long term memories. He also looked disturbed and preoccupied at all times. During his first week in the institution, the client was noted to be unsociable. He preferred to stay inside his room and would just go out during meal time to join the other clients in the dining area. On one occasion, the carer had attempted to engage in a conversation with him. She found out that the client can’t recall anything from his past including his childhood, his family or where he lived before. He can’t even recall the number of the family members and the person he was in contact with prior to his admission in the institution. Though he stated that his birthday falls on January 13, he can’t remember the exact year. Surprisingly, he was able to recall what he had for breakfast and lunch. It was also noticed that the patient has slight awareness of being sick and needing but denting it at the same time. He is aware that he is sick but he’s trying to blame it to others. Like when asked why he is in the institution on one interaction, he answered that his friends sent him there because of misconceptions. According to him he’s not guilty of any wrong doing and denied all the accusations on him. In addition, it was noted that the patient has some problems on impulse control. At times he showed hostile, aggressive and sexual tendencies towards the staff and to the other clients. In view of the above circumstance, The â€Å"Cultural Competence† model of Campinha-Bacote(2002), offers the nursing staff the framework for rendering culturally relevant care to the culturally and behaviourally diverse psychiatric client. Initially, upon the client’s admission, general data of the client such as general appearance, ethnicity, gender, age, hobbies or work, disability, orientation and memory impairment was gathered. The cultural challenge seen at this stage was first the different cultural background the client represents. Accurate knowledge concerning language, clothing and patient’s cultural, religious, or spiritual beliefs or practices that influence care must be obtained in order to perform culturally appropriate service (Streltzer, 2008). Tseng and Streltzer (2004) stressed that language is one tool through which culture expressed. Through language, a person communicates underlying conceptions, values, and attitudes that can be very different among different cultural systems. Comprehending another person’s culture through his language can be therefore quite challenging, particularly when that language is very different from one’s own but with genuine interest and remaining nonjudgmental, probability of gathering relevant information will be assured. Another challenge noted was the diagnosed condition of the patient. Lack of understanding about Schizophrenia may pose a great problem to the nursing staff in this case. This disorder is identified with complex characteristics according to type. Basically, people with schizophrenia have an altered perception of reality, often a significant loss  of contact with reality. They may see or hear things that don’t exist, speak in strange or confusing ways, believe that others are trying to harm them, or feel like they’re being constantly watched (Smith Segal, 2011). Obtaining cultural awareness pertained to this disorder must be consolidated among the management and staff. Like what Campinha-Bacote, (2002b) emphasized that cultural skill involves the ability to collect relevant cultural information about the patient’s history and presenting problems. Legally accessing patient’s records of past health, social, and environmental history is positively beneficial. Finally, the greatest challenge identified in this case is the client’s unusual behaviour and psychomotor activity. People with schizophrenia tend to have unpredictable or inappropriate emotional responses. They may exhibit behaviours that appear bizarre and purposeless. Sometimes they lack of inhibition and impulse control which may pose danger to themselves, and to people around them. Moreover, apparent social withdrawal which usually manifests through inexpressive face, including a flat voice, lack of eye contact, and blank or restricted facial expressions is common (Campinha-Bacote, 2002b). Cultural encounters may be difficult and uncomfortable at times, especially encounters with abnormal behaviours due to fear and diffidence. Good intentions and the nonverbal communication style of a psychiatric nurse can sometimes be interpreted as offensive and insulting to a specific cultural group. The psychiatric nurse must become more sensitive to the meaning of a culture’s nonverbal communication, such as eye contact, facial expressions, and use of touch, body language, and distancing practices when engaging in cross-cultural encounters (Current Nursing, 2011 Peterson, 2004). She must identify feelings that lead to patient’s poor social interaction. If client is unable to respond verbally or in a coherent manner, spending frequent short periods with client might be good start. Structuring times each day for brief interactions and activities with client on one-on-one basis is likewise helpful. These activities should work at the client’s pace and ability. Examples are looking through family pictures, watching TV, drawing or painting and other recreational activities that would enhance client’s attention and engagement (Tseng and Streltzer, 2004). To sum it up, this culturally-related aspects of care in the client and there accompanying challenges won’t be addressed and overcome respectively, if cultural competency is not learned and demonstrated. A cultural desire must be developed and surged in each health care provider to effectively furnish the unmet, culturally-related needs of the client. Cultural desire is the motivation of the psychiatric nurse to â€Å"want to† engage in this uncomfortable situation. Carrying out all the planned care with the passion and humility to accept and respect differences, and be willing to learn from different world (Campinha-Bacote, 2002). With the increase in diversity in an ever-changing society and the escalating need for nurses to be educated and skilled in transcultural nursing, every opportunity that would contribute to development of cultural competence should be seized. In conclusion, transcultural nursing was designed to equip and empower every carer, nurse, and any health care provider to embrace the challenges and hindrances that diverse cultures bear. Campinha-Bacote’s cultural competence model is one of the few effective tools suggested to utilize in whatever situation a service provider is in, may it be in clinical or mental health setting.

Global tech change simulation final paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global tech change simulation final paper - Essay Example To cater for such shortcomings, the change management plan was tailored accordingly. The outcomes of the change management simulation clearly provide that most objectives were met with. Evidence for this fact is provided by the many quantifiable indicators presented in the findings of the change management simulation. On the other hand, there are some areas, such as understanding the problem, where the quantifiable indicators could not score very well and hence it could be surmised that these areas could have benefited from better planning and implementation. If there were an opportunity to redo this project, the Understand part of the project, particularly problem identification, would be redone with greater objectivity to achieve greater success at it. In a similar manner, the Enlist part of the project could have done better through greater motivation to employees. Similarly, there were some loose ends in the Motivate and Communicate parts of the exercise that could have had better outcomes through better planning, implementation and reporting. Kotter’s change process carries a large amount of respect in contemporary change management practices given its efficacy in delivering on outcomes. The change management plan used for Global Tech is differentiated from Kotter’s change process although it does hold some comparable exponents. If the change plan for Global Tech is analyzed sequentially, it becomes clear that the first phase of the change plan â€Å"Understand† is in some part influenced by Kotter’s exponents of â€Å"Increase urgency† and â€Å"Get the vision right†. Kotter’s ideas on â€Å"Increase urgency† build on an examination of the market’s competitive nature and present challenges that require change. Similarly, Kotter’s ideas on â€Å"Get the vision right† rely on developing an understanding of where the organization is at and where it needs to go to meet looming challenges